Nano Technology Based Bio Sensor for Early Disease Diagnosis

Abstract

The accurate and rapid diagnosis of viral and other infectious diseases has become a global healthcare priority due to the increasing burden of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Early detection is essential for timely treatment, effective disease management, and prevention of widespread transmission. Biosensors have emerged as powerful diagnostic platforms because of their ability to provide rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective detection compared with conventional laboratory-based techniques. This systematic review evaluates recent advancements in biosensor technologies for the detection of infectious diseases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Particular emphasis is placed on nanotechnology-enabled biosensors, which exploit the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, including their high surface-to-volume ratio, excellent electrical conductivity, enhanced optical characteristics and customizable surface chemistry. These features significantly improve the sensitivity, selectivity, and overall analytical performance of biosensing platforms. The review discusses various biosensor types based on their signal transduction mechanisms, including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, thermal, and mass-based biosensors, highlighting their principles, recent innovations and clinical applications. Furthermore, the expanding role of biosensors in point-of-care diagnostics, disease surveillance, personalized medicine and public health is examined. Despite remarkable technological progress, several challenges remain, including sensor stability, reproducibility, large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval and integration with digital healthcare systems. The review also explores the incorporation of artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), smartphone-based platforms, and wearable biosensors to enable real-time disease monitoring and remote healthcare delivery. Overall, next-generation biosensors demonstrate significant potential to transform infectious disease diagnostics by enabling faster, more accessible and highly accurate detection, thereby supporting improved clinical decision-making and global health preparedness.