Design and Evaluation of Nano spheres for Gastro retentive Drug Delivery System in Selected Hypertensive Drug

Abstract

Hypertension is an ongoing heart condition that requires long-term pharmacotherapy so as to achieve the optimal blood pressure by removing associated complications such as heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Although oral drug delivery is the most preferable route of antihypertensive therapy, the majority of the traditional dosage delivery routes are constrained by the following factors: low bioavailability of gastrointestinal absorption, low GIT residence, high first-pass metabolism, and high dosage frequency. The gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have a number of antihypertensive agents that have a narrow absorption profile in the upper gastrointestinal tract with short biological half-lives. ^{[1–3] [4–6]}

One of the potential solutions to these problems suggested is the use of the gastro retentive nanosphere-based drug delivery system that could extend gastric retention, enhance the solubility of the drug, and deliver it under controlled and sustained methods. Among the advantages of nanospheres, whose diameter ranges between 10 and 1000 nm, is the fact that they are typified by high surface area, high mucoadhesive property, high drug loading capacity, and protection of the drug contained in the nanoparticle against adverse gastric conditions.^{[10] [11] [12] [13]}

This review is a general discourse on the design principles, formulation methodology, and characterization schemes in the design of nanospheres to enable gastro retentive delivery of selected hypertensive drugs. It lays emphasis on the methods of preparation, polymer-drug complexes, the particle size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency, dynamics of drug release in vitro, mucoadhesive force, and stability measurements.