Epidemiology, Risk Factors, And Public Awareness Of Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a growing burden projected in both developed and developing countries. This comprehensive review explores the epidemiology of cancer, examining global incidence, prevalence, mortality trends, and disparities across regions, age groups, and socioeconomic strata. Key risk factors contributing to cancer development including genetic predisposition, lifestyle behaviors (such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, poor diet, and physical inactivity), environmental exposures, and infections are analyzed in depth. Special attention is given to modifiable risk factors and the role of early detection and prevention in reducing cancer-related deaths. Furthermore, the review assesses public awareness and understanding of cancer, identifying gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices that hinder effective prevention and timely diagnosis. It highlights the importance of educational campaigns, screening programs, and policy interventions in promoting awareness and behavioral change. By synthesizing current evidence, the review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to cancer control that integrates epidemiological data, risk factor mitigation, and enhanced public engagement to reduce the global cancer burden.