Persistent Threat Of Typhoid Fever: Challenges In Endemic Regions And The Role Of Vaccination

Abstract

Typhoid fever, caused by salmonella typhi (s.typhi) is a life-threatening disease, usually food-borne and commonly associated with international travel. the disease transmission remains endemic in many low- and middle-income countries, representing further hotspots for seeding new global outbreaks. china has historically. been affected by typhoid fever, but the respective roles of local transmission and importation remain unknown while typhoid fever has largely been eliminated in high-income regions which have developed modern water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities it remains a significant public health burden resulting in morbidity and mortality among millions of individuals in resource-constrained settings. prevention and control efforts are needed that integrate several high-impact interventions targeting facilities and infrastructure, including those addressing improvements in sanitation, access to safe water, and planned urbanization, together with parallel efforts directed at effective strategies for use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (tcv). the use of tcvs is a critical tool with the potential of having a rapid impact on typhoid fever disease burden; their introduction will also serve as an important strategy to combat evolving antimicrobial resistance to currently available typhoid fever treatments.