Gestational Diabetes - The Epidemic of the Century

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus is diagnosed in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Although the exact etiology of this condition is still unknown, it is thought to be related to a hormonal imbalance that impacts insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell malfunction. This review provides an overview of the latest reports on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of GDM based on the literature. All the literatures and potential information are collected from the genuine data base such as Pub Med, Scopus Web of Science, etc. The results from the review revealed that nearly 1/6^th pregnancies are associated with hyperglycemia among which 84% are diagnosed under GDM. Nearly 366 million people are affected with diabetes mellitus with an increased in the gestational diabetes worldwide. GDM is more common in India because of decrease in physical activity, alteration in the diet and also due to obesity. In conclusion, this review found that GDM can be addressed as a multifactorial and complex process that can evolve from various mechanisms. Free-of-cost GDM screening and proper treatment for maternal health care can be a significant step towards diabetes care. Half of the women are not aware of their glucose intolerance until they have their index pregnancy and glucose screening. Therefore, there is need to create awareness of this condition with early intervention, proper treatment, diet and multidisciplinary care programs. It can help to reduce the risk of GDM and complications in the general residents and high-risk individuals and promote long-term health.