International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research
About IJPHR The International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research (IJPHR) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal published by Futuristic Publications. IJPHR publishes scientifically rigorous research in pharmaceutical sciences, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, drug-delivery systems, pharmaceutical analysis, clinical pharmacy, healthcare research, public health and related interdisciplinary areas with clear pharmaceutical or healthcare relevance. eISSN 2306-6091 Frequency Quarterly Peer Review Double-Blind Access Open Access Licence CC BY 4.0 Submit Manuscript Author Guidelines Current Issue Editorial Policies
Placenta-on-a-Chip Technology in Teratogenicity Research
Teratogenicity remains a major concern in maternal and fetal health, as exposure to drugs, chemicals, environmental pollutants, infectious agents and other harmful factors during pregnancy can adversely affect normal embryonic and fetal development. Such exposure may result in congenital malformations, growth restriction, functional abnormalities and even fetal loss. For many years, animal models have been the primary approach for evaluating developmental toxicity. However, differences in placental structure and function between humans and animals often limit their ability to accurately predict human fetal responses. In recent years, advances in microfluidic technology have led to the development of placenta-on-chip, an innovative in vitro platform that closely mimics the human placental barrier and maternal–fetal interface. This technology provides a more physiologically relevant system for investigating placental transport, drug transfer and the effects of teratogenic agents. This review presents an overview of the principles of placenta-on-chip technology, its applications in developmental toxicity and teratogenicity research, along with its advantages, current challenges, and future perspectives. By offering a more human relevant alternative to conventional models, placenta-on-chip has the potential to improve developmental toxicity assessment while supporting efforts to reduce reliance on animal testing.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Bioprinting and Tissue Engineering: Emerging Trends in Regenerative Medicine
The growing need for effective treatments for tissue and organ damage has accelerated the development of tissue engineering and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting as promising approaches in regenerative medicine. By combining living cells, biomaterials, and advanced fabrication techniques, these technologies have opened new possibilities for creating functional tissue constructs that closely resemble native tissues. This review highlights recent developments in biomaterials, stem cell technologies, bioinks, and bioprinting methods that have improved tissue regeneration and repair. It also discusses emerging trends such as artificial intelligence, four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, organ-on-a-chip systems, smart biomaterials, nanotechnology, personalized medicine, and advanced bioreactors, which are driving the next generation of regenerative therapies. Furthermore, the review explores the clinical applications of bioprinting in skin, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neural, and organ tissue engineering, along with its role in disease modelling and drug discovery. Although significant progress has been made, challenges such as vascularization, large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval, and commercialization continue to limit widespread clinical use. Continued interdisciplinary research and technological innovation are expected to overcome these barriers and support the successful translation of bioprinted therapies into routine clinical practice, ultimately advancing personalized and regenerative healthcare.
Biomarkers in Precision Medicine – Current Status and Future Developments
precision medicine has completely transformed contemporary healthcare. Biomarkers which offer quantifiable signs of physiological processes disease development and therapy response are essential to this transition. The discovery of biomarkers has been accelerated by recent developments in genomics transcriptomics proteomics metabolomics epigenetics and bioinformatics. This has allowed for more precise disease diagnosis risk prediction patient stratification targeted therapy selection and treatment monitoring across a variety of clinical conditions. This review offers a thorough summary of the state of biomarkers in precision medicine today emphasising its molecular categorisation clinical importance and growing relevance in individualised treatment. The main types of biomarkers diagnostic prognostic predictive pharmacodynamic monitoring susceptibility and safety biomarkers as well as their molecular classifications based on genomic transcriptomic proteomic metabolomic epigenetic microbiome immunological imaging and digital biomarkers are covered. The study also discusses the expanding significance of biomarkers in diabetes mellitus cardiovascular illnesses neurological disorders and autoimmune diseases as well as their clinical applications in major diseases with a focus on lung and breast cancer. Biomarkers discovery and clinical translation have been greatly improved by recent technical developments such as next generation sequencing liquid biopsy single cell sequencing multi omics integration and artificial intelligence. Despite these developments widespread clinical deployment is still constrained by issues with biomarker validation illness heterogeneity assay standardisation regulatory approval cost and ethical considerations. It is anticipated that future advancements combining multi omics technology with digital health platforms and artificial intelligence would significantly enhance illness prediction therapeutic decision making and individualised patient care. All things considered biomarkers serve as the foundation of precision medicine by connecting clinical practice with molecular research. The next wave of personalised healthcare is anticipated to be driven by ongoing advancements in biomarker discovery validation and application which will eventually improve long term patient outcomes treatment efficacy and diagnostic accuracy.
Teratogenic Effects of Pharmaceuticals During Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review
Teratogenicity refers to the ability of certain pharmaceutical agents, chemicals, or environmental factors to interfere with normal embryonic and fetal development resulting in congenital malformations, functional impairments, growth restriction or fetal death. Medication use during pregnancy is common because many women require treatment for acute or chronic medical conditions such as epilepsy, hypertension, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, infections and psychiatric disorders. However, the safety of many medications during pregnancy remains a significant clinical challenge due to physiological changes in the mother, placental drug transfer and the varying susceptibility of the developing fetus at different stages of gestation. Drug exposure during the first trimester, particularly during organogenesis is associated with the highest risk of structural congenital anomalies, whereas exposure during later stages of pregnancy may result in functional abnormalities, impaired fetal growth, or neonatal toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of pharmaceutical teratogenicity, including the biological mechanisms underlying drug-induced congenital anomalies, critical periods of fetal development, placental drug transfer and factors influencing fetal susceptibility. The review discusses major teratogenic medications including antiepileptic drugs, retinoids, antimetabolites, anticoagulants, antihypertensive agents, immunosuppressants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with emphasis on their mechanisms of action, teratogenic effects, clinical evidence and recommended risk reduction strategies. Recent advances in pharmacovigilance, pregnancy exposure registries, regulatory frameworks and personalized medicine are also highlighted. In addition, the review emphasizes the importance of preconception counseling, evidence-based prescribing, multidisciplinary collaboration, patient education and continuous fetal monitoring to minimize preventable adverse pregnancy outcomes. Understanding the teratogenic potential of pharmaceuticals is essential for healthcare professionals to balance maternal therapeutic needs with fetal safety. Continuous research improved regulatory guidance and strengthened pharmacovigilance systems are expected to enhance medication safety during pregnancy and contribute to better maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
Medical Imaging in Drug Development Applications, Challenges, Future Directions
Medical imaging is now considered a critical tool in drug development by providing valuable information throughout the clinical research process. It enables researchers to evaluate disease progressions, identify suitable patient populations, detect and characterize lesions, assessment of disease severity, monitor treatment response over time. These capabilities improve decision -making during clinical trials and contribute to the development of safer and more effective therapies. Advanced imaging techniques, including Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), and ultrasound, offer detailed insights into drug pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and biological activity. Molecular imaging approaches also allow investigators to visualize specific cellular and biochemical processes, supporting the assessment of drug mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Imaging biomarkers and surrogate imaging endpoints have gained significant importance in evaluating drug efficacy. Compared with conventional clinical endpoints, they often provide earlier, more objective, and highly reproducible measurements of treatment effects. As a result, imaging can reduce clinical trial duration, and improve statistical reliability. Furthermore, medical imaging plays a crucial role in monitoring drug safety, especially in situations where other biomarkers are unavailable or insufficient. Although radiology has a long history, the use of medical imaging in drug development has expanded rapidly in recent years. This article discusses the applications, advantages, challenges, and future prospects of medical imaging in the development of drugs.
Nano Technology Based Bio Sensor for Early Disease Diagnosis
The accurate and rapid diagnosis of viral and other infectious diseases has become a global healthcare priority due to the increasing burden of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Early detection is essential for timely treatment, effective disease management, and prevention of widespread transmission. Biosensors have emerged as powerful diagnostic platforms because of their ability to provide rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective detection compared with conventional laboratory-based techniques. This systematic review evaluates recent advancements in biosensor technologies for the detection of infectious diseases, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Particular emphasis is placed on nanotechnology-enabled biosensors, which exploit the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, including their high surface-to-volume ratio, excellent electrical conductivity, enhanced optical characteristics and customizable surface chemistry. These features significantly improve the sensitivity, selectivity, and overall analytical performance of biosensing platforms. The review discusses various biosensor types based on their signal transduction mechanisms, including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, thermal, and mass-based biosensors, highlighting their principles, recent innovations and clinical applications. Furthermore, the expanding role of biosensors in point-of-care diagnostics, disease surveillance, personalized medicine and public health is examined. Despite remarkable technological progress, several challenges remain, including sensor stability, reproducibility, large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval and integration with digital healthcare systems. The review also explores the incorporation of artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), smartphone-based platforms, and wearable biosensors to enable real-time disease monitoring and remote healthcare delivery. Overall, next-generation biosensors demonstrate significant potential to transform infectious disease diagnostics by enabling faster, more accessible and highly accurate detection, thereby supporting improved clinical decision-making and global health preparedness.
Advanced Strategies for Pharmaceutical Waste Management
Pharmaceutical waste management has emerged as a critical global environmental and public health concern due to the increasing production, consumption and disposal of pharmaceutical products. Pharmaceutical waste originates from hospitals, pharmacies, pharmaceutical industries, research laboratories, veterinary facilities and households. Improper disposal practices such as flushing medicines into sewage systems, open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling contribute to environmental contamination and ecological imbalance. Pharmaceutical residues entering aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems may affect wildlife, promote antimicrobial resistance and pose potential risks to human health. Traditional waste management approaches are including incineration and landfilling, remain widely used but face challenges related to environmental sustainability and economic feasibility. Advanced strategies focusing on waste minimization, green pharmacy principles, reverse distribution systems, pharmaceutical take-back programs, digital inventory management, advanced oxidation processes, bioremediation and circular economy concepts offer promising alternatives for sustainable waste management. Regulatory agencies worldwide have established guidelines to ensure the safe handling, transportation, treatment and disposal of pharmaceutical waste. However, implementation challenges persist, particularly in developing countries due to inadequate infrastructure, limited awareness and financial constraints. This review discusses the sources, classification, environmental impacts, conventional disposal methods, emerging management strategies, regulatory frameworks, challenges and future perspectives of pharmaceutical waste management. The adoption of integrated and sustainable approaches is essential for minimizing environmental pollution and protecting public health.
Formulation and Evaluation of Ranolazine Extended-Release Matrix Tablets Employing Eudragit® L100-55
Background: Ranolazine is an anti-anginal agent widely used for the management of chronic stable angina. However, its relatively short biological half-life and high solubility in acidic gastric conditions result in rapid drug release, frequent dosing requirements, and fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate an extended-release matrix tablet of Ranolazine using a pH-dependent polymer system to achieve controlled drug release over 24 hours. Methods: Extended-release matrix tablets containing 500 mg of Ranolazine were formulated by wet granulation using Eudragit L100-55 as a pH-dependent release-retarding polymer, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC 5 cps) as a pH-independent binder, and sodium hydroxide as a neutralizing agent. The prepared formulations were evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including flow properties, hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content, and in vitro dissolution characteristics. Drug–excipient compatibility was assessed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Dissolution profiles were analyzed using various kinetic models, and the optimized formulation was compared with a marketed extended-release product (Ranozex®) using similarity (f₂) and difference (f₁) factors. Accelerated stability studies were performed according to ICH guidelines. Results: FTIR studies confirmed the absence of significant drug–excipient interactions, indicating compatibility between Ranolazine and the selected excipients. All formulations exhibited acceptable pharmaceutical characteristics and complied with pharmacopoeial specifications. Among the developed formulations, the optimized batch demonstrated sustained drug release extending up to 24 hours with 97.72% cumulative drug release. Drug-release kinetics were best described by the Higuchi model, indicating diffusion-controlled release behavior. The Korsmeyer–Peppas release exponent (n = 0.776–0.950) suggested a non-Fickian anomalous transport mechanism involving both diffusion and polymer relaxation. The optimized formulation exhibited dissolution profile similarity with the marketed product, showing an f₂ value of 85.95 and an f₁ value of 2.29. Stability studies revealed no significant changes in physical appearance, drug content, or dissolution characteristics after storage under accelerated conditions. Conclusion: The study successfully developed a stable and effective extended-release matrix tablet of Ranolazine employing Eudragit L100-55 and HPMC 5 cps. The optimized formulation provided controlled drug release over 24 hours, exhibited diffusion-controlled release kinetics, and demonstrated dissolution equivalence to the marketed product. These findings support the potential application of the developed formulation as a once-daily oral extended-release dosage form for improved management of chronic stable angina.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulation, Evaluation and Optimization of Nitrofurantoin Delayed Release Matrix Tablets
The aim of the present work was to develop an extended-release dosage form Nitrofurantoin tablets were prepared using hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers like Badham Gum, Cashew nut tree gum and synthetic polymers Eudragit L- 100 and HPMC K4M, prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for various pre and post compression parameters. Hydrophobic matrix tablets failed to prolong the drug release, whereas Hydrophilic based matrix tablets showed good drug release. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation (F7) showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e., 99.10 % in 12 hours. It contains the Eudragit L- 100 as extended release material. It followed peppas release kinetics mechanism.
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablet of Cimetidine
The aim of the present research study was to Formulate and Evaluate sustained release tablets of Cimetidine 500mg tablet using direct compression method. Nine formulations were prepared using different polymers like HPMC, Xanthan Gum and Sodium CMC. These Polymers were used in different proportion to control the released of the drug. All the formulations were evaluated of physicochemical tests. All the physicochemical characters of the formulated tablets were within the acceptable limits. The release pattern of the drug was observed over a period of 12 hours and determined the amount of drug by the UV- visible method. Dissolution data showed all formulations showed drug release for 12hrs. Among all the formulations C6 showed best drug release 99.08 %. The optimized formulations were followed zero – order kinetics, korsmeyer –peppas and Higuchi models.
Formulation and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablet of Piracetam
The aim of this study was to compare the disintegrants efficiency of the three super disintegrants Cross Povidone, Crosscarmellose sodium and Sodium starch glycolate by formulating Piracetam immediate release tablets by direct compression method. Disintegration efficiency of powder disintegrants compared by swelling and hydration capacity of disintegrants. Nine formulations having superdisintegrants at different concentration level were prepared. While efficiency of disintegrants in tablets compared by various test like weight variation, friability, hardness, thickness, disintegration time, drug content and dissolution studies of Piracetam immediate release tablets. The rapid disintegration observed for the Sodium starch glycolate containing tablets comparing three classes of super disintegrants represented by Sodium starch glycolate. Among all the formulations P7 was consider as optimized formulation containg of Sodium starch glycolate with drug release of 99.24%.
Formulation and Evaluation of Rapid Dissolving Tablet of Bilastine
The demand for fast dissolving tablets has been growing during the last decade especially for elderly and children who have swallowing difficulties. In the present work fast dissolving tablets of Bilastine were prepared with Plantago ovata seed powder, Tulsion 33 and Locust bean gum as superdisintegrants by direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated for various parameters including weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, In vitro drug release and FTIR. The tablets prepared by direct compression method had a weight variation in the range of 118.35 to 122.31, hardness of 2.36 to 3.25 Kg/cm2, percentage friability of 0.33 to 0.52 % is with in the limits, drug content uniformity between 97.21 to 99.83 % and In vitro drug release of B4 formulation was 99.25% for 30mints. The FTIR spectral analysis showed no drug interaction with formulation additives of the tablet and the formulation indicated no significants.
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Posaconazole
Posaconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal drug used for the treatment and prevention of invasive fungal infections. However, its poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability present significant challenges for effective oral drug delivery. The present study was aimed at the formulation and evaluation of Posaconazole-loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) using different polymers at varying ratios to enhance drug release and improve therapeutic performance. A series of formulations (F1–F9) were prepared employing suitable lipids and polymers in different concentrations. The prepared formulations were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters. Pre-compression studies, including bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr's index, and Hausner ratio, demonstrated good flow properties of the formulations. Post-compression parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, drug content uniformity, and other quality control tests were found to be within the acceptable limits specified by the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), indicating satisfactory formulation characteristics. The formulated SLNs were further characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and in vitro drug release studies. The results revealed that polymer concentration and drug-to-polymer ratio had a significant influence on the performance of the formulations. Among all the formulations, F4 was identified as the optimized formulation due to its superior drug release profile and satisfactory physicochemical properties. F4 exhibited a cumulative drug release of 99.47% over a period of 48 hours, which was significantly higher compared to the other formulations, indicating effective sustained-release behaviour and enhanced drug availability. The study concludes that the developed Posaconazole-loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles successfully improved the drug release characteristics while maintaining acceptable pharmaceutical quality parameters. The optimized F4 formulation demonstrated excellent performance and has the potential to serve as an effective controlled-release drug delivery system for Posaconazole.
Formulation and Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablets of Imeglimin Hydrochloride
Immediate release tablets are those tablets which disintegrate and release the drug Rapidly once it enters GIT. Recently immediate release tablets have started gaining popularity and acceptance as a drug delivery system, mainly because they are easy to administer and lead to better patient compliance. The aim is to formulate various formulations of immediate release tablet of Imeglimin Hydrochloride using different Super disintegrants (Sodium starch glycolate, PolyplasdoneXL10 and Ac- Di- Sol), Mannitol, Talc, Magnesium stearate and Lactose by direct compression method. The drug-excipients interaction was investigated by FTIR. The granules and tablets of Imeglimin Hydrochloride were evaluated for various pre and post compression parameters like angle of repose, compressibility index, hausners ratio, tablet hardness, friability and in vitro disintegration and dissolution studies and their results were found to be satisfactory. These results suggest that maximum in vitro dissolution profile of formulation F6 were found to have equivalent percentage of drug release and concluded that F6 is better and similar to innovator product.
Proniosomes as Carriers for Enhanced Bioavailability: A Comprehensive Review of Formulation Strategies and Clinical Evidence Over Two Decades (2004–2024)
Poor oral bioavailability of BCS Class II and IV drugs remains a central challenge in pharmaceutical development. Proniosomes dry, free flowing powders that spontaneously form niosomes upon hydration have emerged as a powerful platform to overcome this limitation. This review consolidates two decades (2004–2024) of formulation and preclinical/clinical evidence demonstrating bioavailability enhancement by proniosomal drug delivery systems across multiple routes of administration. A structured literature search was conducted using Pub Med, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies reporting pharmacokinetic parameters, encapsulation efficiency, vesicle characterization, and in vivo bioavailability data were included and synthesized. Proniosomes consistently improved oral bioavailability by 2.1–5.2-fold across drug classes including antidiabetics, cardiovascular agents, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal drugs. Transdermal proniosomal gels enhanced skin flux by 3–4-fold. Critical formulation variables including surfactant HLB value, cholesterol ratio, vesicle size, and carrier type profoundly influence bioavailability outcomes. Proniosomes represent a stable, cost-effective, and scalable vesicular technology with compelling evidence of bioavailability enhancement. Regulatory advancement and further clinical trials are needed to fulfill their commercial potential.
The Expanding Clinical Role of Pharmacists in Modern Healthcare
The role of pharmacists has changed from basic drug dispensing to sophisticated clinical practice that specifically enhances patient results. Pharmacists today are very important in public health, pharmacovigilance, drug therapy optimization, and chronic disease management as healthcare systems implement patient-centered and value-based approach. Along with a review of the studies supporting pharmacy-led therapies, this essay emphasizes the growing clinical responsibilities of pharmacists and points out obstacles and possibilities going forward. Studies on many occasions show that pharmacist involvement greatly lowers prescription errors, improves adherence, enhances disease management, and improves the general effectiveness of the healthcare system. Including pharmacists more in multidisciplinary teams will help to change the way healthcare is provided worldwide by granting them more clinical autonomy.
Nanotechnology Development in Targeted Drug Delivery against Vulvar Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Vulvar cancer represents a significant challenge in gynecological oncology, with limited treatment options and poor prognosis in advanced stages. The development of targeted drug delivery systems using nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach to improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. This comprehensive review examines the current state of nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for vulvar cancer treatment. We discuss various nanoplatforms including nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and micelles, their physicochemical properties, and their applications in delivering chemotherapy, hormonal agents, and immunotherapeutic agents. This review synthesizes evidence from preclinical and clinical studies, highlighting the challenges and opportunities in translating these technologies from bench to bedside. Our findings demonstrate that nanotechnology based approaches significantly enhance drug bioavailability, reduce off target effects, and improve patient outcomes. Future perspectives focus on personalized medicine, combination therapies, and regulatory pathways for clinical implementation of these innovative delivery systems.
Preparation and Evaluation of Pirfenidone Loaded Microspheres
The present study was aimed at the preparation and evaluation of Pirfenidone-loaded microspheres for sustained drug delivery. Pirfenidone is an antifibrotic agent used in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and the development of a controlled-release formulation can improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Microspheres were prepared using an appropriate microencapsulation technique and evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics and drug release behaviour. A series of formulations (F1–F9) were developed by varying the polymer concentrations. The prepared microspheres were subjected to pre-compression and post-compression evaluation tests, including bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr's index, Hausner's ratio, particle size analysis, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release studies. The results revealed that all pre-compression and post-compression parameters were within the acceptable limits prescribed by the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), indicating good flow properties, uniformity, and overall quality of the formulations. Among all the formulations, F5 was identified as the optimized formulation based on its superior performance in drug release studies. The optimized formulation exhibited a cumulative drug release of 99.72% over a period of 12 hours, which was higher than that of the other formulations and demonstrated an effective sustained-release profile.
Preparation and Evaluation of Ivosidenib Nanoparticles
Polymeric nanoparticles are a promising novel drug delivery system and have advantages in abnormal lipids therapy. Ivosidenib is an Antineoplastic Agent that is used in the treatment of a acute myeloid leukemia and locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma therapy. The aim of the present study was to prepare and evaluate novel polymeric nanoparticles containing Ivosidenib. The objective of the present study was to formulate and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles of Ivosidenib byEmulsification sonication method using Sodium alginate, Chitosan and Ethyl cellulose as a polymer. The nanoparticles were characterized for FTIR, particle size, poly-dispersity index, entrapment efficiency (EE), zeta potential, morphological study, DSC and invitro study. Infrared studies showed that there was no drug excipients interaction. Negative values of zetapotential indicated the good stabilization of the prepared nanoparticles. Nine formulations of Ivosidenibnanoparticles were prepared using Emulsification sonication method. The particles sizes and zeta potential were measured using zeta-plus analyzer. The particle morphology was also studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in-vitro release of the drug from the nanoparticles was carried out in phosphate buffer saline pH 6.8. The particle sizes of the prepared NPs were in nano size which ranged from (140.5 to 173.9nm) with positive zeta potential. The drug entrapment efficiency was varied with the drug polymer ratio from 52.30% to 76.25%. The SEM showed uniform shape and regularly distributed particle sizes. The in-vitro drug release study exhibited the sustained release of Ivosidenibwith burst release. The cumulative percentage released after 12 hr. were between were 80.62 and 99.13%. The studies, therefore, indicate the successful formulation development of NPs with distinctly improved bioavailability potential and can be used as drug carrier for sustained or prolonged drug release.
Formulation and Evaluation of Amantadine Loaded Nanoparticles
The present study was undertaken to formulate and evaluate amantadine-loaded nanoparticles with the objective of enhancing drug delivery and achieving sustained drug release. Amantadine-loaded nanoparticles were prepared using a suitable formulation technique and optimized to obtain desirable physicochemical characteristics. The prepared formulations were evaluated for precompression parameters including angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, and Hausner’s ratio. All the precompression parameters were found to be within Pharmacopoeial limits, indicating good flow properties and compressibility of the powder blend. Post-compression evaluation of the formulated nanoparticles showed satisfactory results in terms of particle characteristics, drug content uniformity, and in vitro drug release studies. Among the different formulations, F3 was identified as the optimized formulation as it exhibited superior drug release, achieving 99.24% drug release over a period of 12 hours, demonstrating an effective sustained release profile. The results confirm that the optimized nanoparticle formulation possesses acceptable physicochemical properties and meets the required evaluation standards. In conclusion, the successful formulation and evaluation of amantadine-loaded nanoparticles indicate that the developed nanoparticulate system is a promising approach for sustained drug delivery. The optimized F3 formulation, with its excellent release characteristics and parameters within Pharmacopoeial limits, may enhance therapeutic efficacy and improve patient compliance.
Formulation and in Vitro Evaluation of Ibrutinib Extended-Release Matrix Tablets
The present study was aimed at the formulation and in vitro evaluation of Ibrutinib extended-release matrix tablets using different polymers in varying ratios to achieve a controlled and prolonged drug release profile. Extended-release formulations offer several advantages, including reduced dosing frequency, improved patient compliance, and maintenance of therapeutic drug levels over an extended period. A series of Ibrutinib matrix tablet formulations (F1–F9) were prepared using suitable hydrophilic polymers at different concentrations by direct compression method. The prepared powder blends were evaluated for pre-compression parameters such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr's index, and Hausner's ratio. The compressed tablets were further assessed for post-compression parameters including hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, and drug content uniformity. All formulations exhibited satisfactory pre-compression and post-compression characteristics and were found to be within the limits specified by the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP). The in vitro dissolution studies were carried out to evaluate the drug release behaviour of the formulated tablets. The results indicated that the type and concentration of polymers significantly influenced the release pattern of Ibrutinib. Among all the formulations, formulation F6 demonstrated the most desirable extended-release profile and was considered the optimized formulation. F6 showed a cumulative drug release of 99.96% over a period of 12 hours, providing a controlled and sustained release pattern compared to the other formulations. The findings of the study suggest that the optimized formulation (F6) is a promising extended-release matrix tablet of Ibrutinib with acceptable physicochemical properties and excellent in vitro drug release characteristics. Therefore, the developed formulation has the potential to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance.
A Retrospective Comparison of Single-Dose versus Tapering-Dose Corticosteroid Therapy in Acute Exacerbations of Bronchial Asthma
Background. Bronchial asthma is a long-standing inflammatory disorder of the airways, and systemic corticosteroids continue to be a mainstay in the treatment of acute exacerbations. What remains unsettled in everyday practice is whether a short fixed course works better than a dose that is gradually reduced, particularly with methylprednisolone (MP). Objective. We set out to compare the clinical course and tolerability of single-dose MP against a tapering-dose MP schedule in adults admitted with asthma exacerbations, and to see how patient profiles differed between the two approaches. Methods. This was a hospital-based, retrospective, observational study of 100 adult patients managed at Erode Medical Centre, Erode, over a three-month window. Half of the patients had received a single dose of MP and the other half a tapering schedule spread over 5–14 days. Case records were reviewed for demographics, admission vital signs (SpO₂, pulse rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure), the duration of the acute episode, steroid dosing and the medicines used alongside MP. Changes within each group were examined using a paired t-test. Results. Most patients were above 50 years of age. People on the single-dose schedule generally went home sooner, whereas those on a tapering schedule were more often already on maintenance therapy and tended to arrive with lower oxygen saturation and higher respiratory rates – markers of a more troublesome episode. Tracking the weekly tapering data, symptom control was largely achieved by the second week and was essentially complete by the fifth. Conclusion. A single dose of MP appears well suited to rapid relief in milder acute episodes, while a tapering course fits patients whose disease is more severe and who need inflammation brought down slowly. Whichever route is chosen, close watch on cardiovascular and respiratory parameters matters.
Adaptive Clinical Trial Designs: A Modern Approach
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) remain the gold standard for evaluating clinical interventions, however, their traditional fixed designs are often resource-intensive, time consuming and ethically limited in the context of emerging therapies. Adaptive clinical trial designs have emerged as a robust alternative, offering pre specified flexibility that allows modifications based on interim data without compromising statistical validity. This article provides a comprehensive overview of adaptive clinical trial methodologies, including group sequential designs, sample size re estimation, response adaptive randomization, adaptive enrichment, seamless phase II/III designs, drop-the-loser approaches, master protocols (platform, basket and umbrella trials), hypothesis adaptive strategies and multiple adaptive designs. The methodological advantages of these approaches include improved efficiency, reduced patient exposure to ineffective treatments, enhanced ethical oversight and accelerated drug development timelines. The article further discusses operational considerations such as trial planning, simulation studies, data quality requirements and the role of independent monitoring committees in preserving trial integrity. Regulatory perspectives from the FDA, EMA and Philippine FDA are also reviewed, highlighting the importance of pre specification, control of type I error and early regulatory engagement. Evidence from key studies, including Bayesian re analyses of oncology trials and large-scale adaptive platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrates the practical utility and efficiency gains of adaptive methodologies. Despite their advantages, adaptive designs introduce statistical and operational complexity, requiring rigorous planning and multidisciplinary coordination. Overall, adaptive clinical trials represent a transformative evolution in clinical research, enabling more efficient, ethical and data driven decision making in modern drug development.
Anti-Aging Drugs: Current Research and Future Prospects
Aging is a complex biological process associated with gradual decline in cellular functions and increased risk of age-related diseases Modern anti-aging research focuses on targeting the fundamental mechanisms of aging to improve healthspan rather than only treating individual disorders. Geroprotective agents such as metformin, rapamycin, senolytics, NAD⁺ precursors, spermidine, resveratrol, and GLP-1 receptor agonists have gained attention due to their effects on metabolism, inflammation, autophagy, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial function. Advances in geroscience have identified important aging-related pathways including mTOR, AMPK, nutrient sensing, and oxidative stress regulation. Emerging approaches such as artificial intelligence, precision medicine, and biomarker-based therapies are accelerating the discovery of new anti-aging interventions. Although several compounds show promising results in experimental studies, further clinical research is required to confirm their safety and effectiveness. Anti-aging pharmacology represents a growing field with potential to promote healthy longevity and reduce age-related disease burden.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimalarial Drugs
Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions, despite considerable progress in prevention and treatment. The increasing prevalence of antimalarial drug resistance and variability in drug response among different patient populations continue to challenge effective disease management. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) principles are fundamental to understanding drug disposition, optimizing dosage regimens, improving therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing toxicity and resistance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the PK/PD characteristics of established and emerging antimalarial agents and discusses their role in optimizing malaria treatment. Recent advances in population pharmacokinetic and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, pharmacometric approaches, exposure response analysis, and model informed drug development have enhanced dose optimization and supported individualized therapy. The review also highlights PK/PD considerations in special populations, including children, pregnant women, older adults, and patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Furthermore, emerging strategies such as pharmacogenomics, therapeutic drug monitoring, artificial intelligence, machine learning, long acting antimalarial formulations, and triple artemisinin based combination therapies are discussed for their potential to improve treatment outcomes and address drug resistance. The integration of these innovative approaches with molecular resistance surveillance and precision medicine is expected to enhance clinical decision making, accelerate the development of next generation antimalarial therapies, and contribute to sustainable malaria control and global elimination efforts.
Evaluating the Prevalence and Patterns of Chronic Kidney Disease in Geriatric Patients with Arthritis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important comorbidity among elderly arthritis patients, where long-term inflammation, comorbid risk factors, and nephrotoxic medications contribute to renal impairment. In India, the dual burden of arthritis and CKD in geriatric populations poses challenges for diagnosis, management, and quality of life, yet remains underexplored. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and staging of CKD among geriatric arthritis patients, characterize clinical patterns of arthritis, and identify associated risk factors and comorbidities. Methods: This cross-sectional, hospital-based study included 360 patients aged ≥ 60 years with clinically confirmed arthritis. Sociodemographic, clinical, and biochemical data were collected. CKD was staged using KDIGO 2021 guidelines based on eGFI (CKD-EPI 2021). Statistical analyses included descriptive summaries, chi-square tests, and logistic regression models Results: The mean participant age was 70.3 ± 6.9 years; females comprised 52.8%. Osteoarthritis was most prevalent (59.7%), followed by rheumatoid arthritis (27.5%) and gout (9.2%). Functional limitation was observed in 71.7% of patients, and 39.4% used mobility aids. CKD prevalence (stage ≥ 3) was 32.5%, with 8.9% having advanced disease (stage G4-G5). Gout patients showed the highest CKD prevalence (61.5%). Hypertension (63.9%) and obesity (62.8%) were the dominant comorbidities. Univariate logistic regression did not identify statistically significant independent predictors, suggesting multifactorial aetiology. Conclusions: CKD is common among geriatric arthritis patients, with inflammatory subtypes (RA, gout) showing higher prevalence. The interplay of age, comorbidities, and nephrotoxic exposure underscores the need for integrated screening and management strategies targeting renal and musculoskeletal health in elderly populations.
Glycerosomes: Recent Advancements, Therapeutic Applications, and Patents
Glycerosomes are innovative vesicular drug delivery systems composed of phospholipids, water, and high concentrations of glycerol (20–50%), which confer exceptional membrane flexibility and deformability. Originally introduced as advancement over classical liposomes and trans-fersomes, glycerosomes have emerged as versatile platforms for transdermal, topical and dermal drug delivery owing to their superior skin permeation capabilities, biocompatibility, and capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advancements in glycerosome research spanning 2018–2025, including innovations in formulation strategies, physicochemical characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation, therapeutic applications across dermatology, oncology, and pain management, and the rapidly growing patent landscape. Relevant patents filed and granted internationally are catalogued and analyzed. The review also addresses current challenges, regulatory perspectives, and future directions for glycerosome based drug delivery. Key findings confirm that glycerosomes significantly improve drug permeation flux, reduce systemic side effects, and offer formulation advantages such as stability, scalability, and compatibility with biologics. The cumulative evidence positions glycerosomes as next generation carriers with strong clinical and commercial potential.
Formulation and Evaluation of Vilazodone Microspheres
The aim of the study was to prepare Vilazodone microspheres using Solvent evaporation method using different polymer ratio. FT-IR studies revealed that there was no chemical interaction between the drug and polymer. The average particle size of the optimized formulation was found to be 166 μm. The in-vitro release behavior from all the Vilazodone microspheres was found to be Higuchi drug release kinetics and produced a sustained release over a period of 12 hours with better entrapment efficiency.
The Rise of Precision Medicine and Genomic Health Care
Precision medicine is a modern healthcare approach in which medical treatment and prevention methods designed according to an individual person’s genes. Precision medicine is the providing right treatment to the right patient at the right time. Precision medicine focuses on understanding individual differences to improve diagnosis, prevention, and treatment outcomes. Genomic healthcare also helps in the early detection of diseases, reducing side effects from medications and improving the overall quality of patient care. Precision medicine studies how each person is different and then providing the personalized healthcare. Precision medicine is widely used in areas like: cancer treatment, genetic disorders, and heart diseases also for drug therapies. Challenges in precision medicine and healthcare include high treatment and testing costs, limited accessibility in developing regions, it concerns about genetic data privacy and security. These challenges must be addressed to ensure safe and affordable and equal access to personalized healthcare for all patients.
Telemedicine: Transforming Healthcare Access in Rural Communities
Telemedicine is an innovative healthcare approach that uses information and communication technologies to deliver remote medical services, particularly in rural and underserved regions. It addresses barriers such as geographic isolation, limited medical workforce, economic constraints, and inadequate infrastructure. The study highlights the evolution, service models, technological tools, regulatory framework, advantages, and limitations of telemedicine. “Key modalities include real-time consultations, store-and-forward systems”, remote patient monitoring, and provider-to-provider communication. Technologies such as cloud-based platforms, mobile health applications, electronic health records, and wearable devices enhance accessibility, continuity of care and clinical decision-making. Despite its benefits in improving healthcare access and reducing costs, challenges remain, including poor internet connectivity, digital literacy gaps, data privacy concerns, regulatory complexity, and infrastructure limitations. Strengthened policies, standardized guidelines and improved digital infrastructure are essential for sustainable implementation. Telemedicine has strong potential to enhance healthcare equity and service delivery in resource-limited settings.
Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Spray Using Tephrosia purpurea
Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers., commonly known as Sharpunkha, is a traditional medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological properties including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This research article presents the formulation and evaluation of herbal spray using Tephrosia purpurea extract. The herbal spray formulation was developed using standardized leaf extracts, appropriate carriers, and surfactants to enhance bioavailability and efficacy. Various physicochemical parameters were evaluated including pH, viscosity, particle size, spray pattern, and content uniformity. The antimicrobial activity was assessed against selected bacterial and fungal species, demonstrating significant activity (MIC range: 10-50 μg/mL). Stability studies conducted at accelerated conditions (40°C ± 2°C, 75% RH ± 5%) for three months showed acceptable stability with minimal changes in active constituents. The herbal spray exhibited promising potential for topical applications in respiratory infections and skin conditions, with improved patient compliance and targeted drug delivery.
Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Gel with Wound Healing and Anti-inflammatory Properties Derived from Calendula officinalis
Calendula officinalis (pot marigold) has been traditionally used in folk medicine for its prominent wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate transdermal gel formulations (F1-F5) containing standardized Calendula officinalis extract. Five different formulations were prepared using various gelling agents and carriers to optimize the physicochemical and biological properties. The gels were evaluated for appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, in vitro permeation, stability, and anti-inflammatory activity. Results demonstrated that formulation F3, containing Carbopol 940 as the gelling agent, exhibited superior performance with optimized viscosity, spread ability, and consistent drug release profile. In vitro wound healing assay revealed significant fibroblast proliferation with F3 formulation, while anti-inflammatory studies showed inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine production comparable to standard anti-inflammatory agents. Stability studies confirmed the robustness of the formulations under accelerated storage conditions. The findings validate the potential of Calendula derived transdermal gel as a promising therapeutic agent for topical wound healing and inflammatory skin conditions.
MOLECULAR TARGETS OF NATURAL POLYPHENOLS IN OXIDATIVE STRESS-MEDIATED NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major global cause of chronic liver disease, ranging from simple hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is now one of the fastest-growing indications for liver transplantation. Despite its increasing prevalence, no approved pharmacological therapy exists, and lifestyle modification remains the primary treatment strategy. Oxidative stress plays a central role in NAFLD pathogenesis by disrupting the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage and disease progression. Natural polyphenols, plant-derived bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, have emerged as potential therapeutic agents. These compounds may improve hepatic steatosis by modulating lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways. This review focuses on oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms in NAFLD progression and highlights the molecular targets of natural polyphenols that may offer promising therapeutic strategies for its management.
Design and Evaluation of Nano spheres for Gastro retentive Drug Delivery System in Selected Hypertensive Drug
Hypertension is an ongoing heart condition that requires long-term pharmacotherapy so as to achieve the optimal blood pressure by removing associated complications such as heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Although oral drug delivery is the most preferable route of antihypertensive therapy, the majority of the traditional dosage delivery routes are constrained by the following factors: low bioavailability of gastrointestinal absorption, low GIT residence, high first-pass metabolism, and high dosage frequency. The gastro retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have a number of antihypertensive agents that have a narrow absorption profile in the upper gastrointestinal tract with short biological half-lives. [1–3] [4–6] One of the potential solutions to these problems suggested is the use of the gastro retentive nanosphere-based drug delivery system that could extend gastric retention, enhance the solubility of the drug, and deliver it under controlled and sustained methods. Among the advantages of nanospheres, whose diameter ranges between 10 and 1000 nm, is the fact that they are typified by high surface area, high mucoadhesive property, high drug loading capacity, and protection of the drug contained in the nanoparticle against adverse gastric conditions.[10] [11] [12] [13] This review is a general discourse on the design principles, formulation methodology, and characterization schemes in the design of nanospheres to enable gastro retentive delivery of selected hypertensive drugs. It lays emphasis on the methods of preparation, polymer-drug complexes, the particle size, surface morphology, encapsulation efficiency, dynamics of drug release in vitro, mucoadhesive force, and stability measurements.
TARGETING URAT 1 AND GLUT 9 FOR HYPERURICEMIA MANAGEMENT: IMPORTANCE OF PRECLINICAL EVALUATION
Hyperuricemia is marked by elevated serum uric acid levels. It is the primary risk factor for gout and several related complications. Urate homeostasis involves balancing uric acid production and renal excretion. Urate transporters, such as urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), play crucial roles. Evidence suggests that dysfunction or genetic variation in these transporters contributes to abnormal urate accumulation and disease progression. This review summarises knowledge of uric acid metabolism, renal urate handling, and the physiological roles of URAT1 and GLUT9 in urate balance. It discusses the involvement of these transporters in hyperuricemia and gout, as well as therapeutic strategies targeting urate transporters, including uricosuric drugs and emerging transporter-specific inhibitors. The importance of preclinical evaluation using animal models and cell-based transporter assays for the discovery and development of novel antihyperuricemic agents is highlighted. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and pharmacological modulation of urate transporters may help develop more effective therapies for hyperuricemia and gout.
Molecular Insights in to the Gastro protective Potential of Marmin and Imperator in: A Phytochemical and Mechanistic Perspective
Peptic ulceration of the stomach continues to represent a common digestive system pathology distinguished by epithelial injury arising from disequilibrium between harmful elements including gastric acidity, reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory processes, and the protective systems of the gastric lining. Although established treatment modalities exist, encompassing proton pump inhibitors and H₂-receptor antagonists, prolonged administration frequently correlates with undesirable consequences and disease recurrence, creating demand for investigating more secure and efficacious therapeutic options. Within this framework, naturally derived coumarins have attracted substantial interest owing to their varied pharmacological attributes. Marmin and imperatorin, two notable furanocoumarins obtained from therapeutic plants including Aegle marmelos and Angelica species, demonstrate considerable gastric protective capabilities. This analysis thoroughly examines the phytochemical features, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and fundamental action mechanisms of marmin and imperatorin in gastric ulcer prevention and treatment. Data from laboratory and animal investigations indicate that these substances provide protective benefits via numerous mechanisms, encompassing antioxidant function, suppression of inflammatory factors, strengthening of mucosal protection, and regulation of gastric acid production. Furthermore, their possible anti-Helicobacter pylori properties additionally validate their clinical significance. The analysis emphasizes existing constraints, safety aspects, and developing formulation approaches designed to enhance bioavailability. In summary, marmin and imperatorin constitute encouraging prospects for developing innovative gastroprotective compounds. Additional clinical research is required to confirm their effectiveness and safety in human subjects and to enable their progression toward therapeutic implementation.
Neonatal Jaundice (Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia): Clinical Aspects and Recent Advancements in Treatment
Neonatal jaundice (neonatal hyperbilirubinemia) is one of the most common clinical conditions encountered in newborn care, affecting approximately 60% of term neonates and up to 80% of preterm neonates during the first week of life. While physiological jaundice is typically benign and self-limiting, pathological hyperbilirubinemia carries a significant risk of bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND), including the devastating complication of kernicterus. This review article comprehensively covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical classification, diagnostic criteria, and contemporary management strategies for neonatal jaundice. We discuss recent advancements in phototherapy technology, pharmacological interventions, transcutaneous bilirubin monitoring, and emerging molecular therapies. Four illustrative clinical cases are presented to highlight key diagnostic and management challenges. The article concludes with a synthesis of current evidence and future directions in the management of this prevalent neonatal condition.
Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms in Drug Discovery
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced algorithms has significantly transformed the drug discovery process by enabling faster, cost-effective, and data-driven approaches. Traditional drug development is time-consuming, expensive, and characterized by high failure rates, necessitating innovative solutions. AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning, play a crucial role in various stages of drug discovery such as target identification, virtual screening, lead optimization, and clinical development. Algorithms like Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees, Random Forest, and boosting methods enhance predictive accuracy and decision-making capabilities. Additionally, deep learning models such as Convolutional Neural Networks, Recurrent Neural Networks, and Graph Neural Networks facilitate the analysis of complex biological and chemical data. Despite these advancements, challenges such as data quality, model interpretability, and integration into existing pharmaceutical frameworks remain significant barriers. Overall, AI-driven methodologies hold great promise in improving efficiency, reducing costs, and accelerating the development of safe and effective therapeutic agents.
Phytochemical Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy of a Novel Hyptis suaveolens Vaginal Gel
The objective of the present investigation was to design, develop, and evaluate a novel vaginal gel formulation incorporating petroleum ether extract of Hyptis suaveolens, along with its phytochemical characterization and in vivo therapeutic assessment. The plant extract was obtained through Soxhlet extraction [1] and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening [2,9,11], which revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids. Multiple gel formulations were prepared using different polymers, including Carbopol 934P, HPMC K100, Pemulen TR-1, Pemulen TR-2, Lutrol F127, and xanthan gum [12,14]. These formulations were evaluated for key physicochemical parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability, and drug content uniformity [5,13]. The optimized formulation was further subjected to in vivo evaluation using an experimental animal model to assess antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy [20]. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA, demonstrating significant differences between treated and control groups (p < 0.05) [13]. The results indicated that the formulated gel exhibited excellent physicochemical properties and substantial therapeutic effectiveness. The study highlights the potential of Hyptis suaveolens as a natural and effective alternative in the management of vaginal infections.
Fast dissolving tablets are among the most commonly used dosage forms and are often administered in emergency situations. They serve various drugs as a route of administration due to their proven safety, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. Research and development focus on fast dissolving tablets aim to enhance patient adherence and ease of use. These tablets dissolve quickly and can be swallowed without the need for chewing or extra water. They are particularly beneficial for individuals who have difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), such as paediatric and geriatric patients. Fast dissolving tablets possess several ideal characteristics, advantages, and distinct features, as well as various technological advancements. They are utilized in treating conditions like Parkinson’s disease, neurological disorders, and schizophrenia. Additionally, fast dissolving tablets are referred to as mouth dissolving tablets. One of the key benefits of fast dissolving tablets is advantage of oral liquid dosage forms. There are restrictions on the oral dose. Form and administration of different drugs, such as first pass metabolism, mental patients, immobile patients, and unwilling patients.
Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Systematic Review
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent fungal infection affecting approximately 75% of women at least once during their lifetime. Conventional antifungal therapies are hampered by poor drug bioavailability, rapid vaginal clearance, and emerging resistance. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) offer promising alternatives by enhancing drug retention, permeation, and therapeutic efficacy. Objective: This systematic review critically evaluates current NDDS including liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nano emulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, in situ gels, microemulsions, vaginal films, cyclodextrin complexes, and dendrimers developed for the treatment of VVC. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2010–2024) using MeSH terms including 'vulvovaginal candidiasis', 'novel drug delivery', 'vaginal nanoparticles', and 'antifungal formulation'. Patent databases including USPTO, EPO, and WIPO were also searched. Results: A total of 27 primary research articles and 10 relevant patents were reviewed. Nanoparticle-based formulations demonstrated superior antifungal activity with significant improvements in MIC values (2–8-fold reduction), prolonged drug release (24–72 h), and enhanced vaginal retention compared to conventional formulations. In situ gelling systems and mucoadhesive platforms showed the greatest promise for patient compliance and sustained therapeutic effect. Conclusion: NDDS represent a significant advancement in the management of VVC, offering improved drug bioavailability, reduced dosing frequency, and potential to overcome antifungal resistance. Further clinical translation and regulatory studies are required.
Exploring the Pharmacogenetic Standard Bioactive Potential Tagetes Erect
Marigold is a hardy annual plant native to Southern Europe and widely cultivated in tropical countries like India and China. Marigold (Tagetes species) has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and more recently in modern therapeutic applications. It produces brightly colored, fragrant flowers most commonly yellow which are edible and used as natural colouring agents and spices. Medicinal benefits of Calendula officinalis include wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, skin protective, menstrual supportive, oral care, and digestive protective properties. According to phytochemical analysis, carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, thiophenes, essential oils. Different parts of the plant contain important phytochemicals such as lutein, quercetin, quercetagetin and its glucoside, syringic acid, thienyl compounds, terpenes, and various phenolic compounds. Various pharmacological properties include, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, skin protective, menstrual supportive, oral care, and digestive protective properties.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON HERBAL TOPICAL GELS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VARICOSE VEINS
Varicose veins represent a chronic venous disorder characterized by dilated, tortuous superficial veins resulting from venous valve dysfunction and impaired blood return. The condition affects a significant proportion of the adult population worldwide and is associated with pain, edema, inflammation, heaviness of legs, and cosmetic concerns that may progress to chronic venous insufficiency if untreated. Conventional management strategies include compression therapy, sclerotherapy, pharmacological agents, and surgical interventions; however, these approaches may be expensive, invasive, or associated with adverse effects. Increasing attention has therefore shifted toward herbal-based topical formulations, particularly gels, due to their enhanced patient compliance, localized drug delivery, minimal systemic toxicity, and improved therapeutic outcomes. Herbal topical gels incorporate plant-derived bioactive compounds possessing anti-inflammatory, venotonic, antioxidant, and microcirculatory enhancing properties that directly target pathological mechanisms involved in venous disorders. This review comprehensively discusses the scientific basis of herbal topical gels in varicose vein management, including anatomical considerations, pathophysiology, causative factors, symptomatology, commonly used medicinal plants, formulation advantages, and therapeutic potential. Emphasis is placed on phytoconstituents capable of improving vascular tone, reducing edema, and protecting endothelial integrity. The article aims to provide a consolidated scientific framework supporting the development of effective, safe, and evidence-based herbal topical therapies for chronic venous diseases.
Herbal medicine as an emerging approach polycystic ovarian syndrome: A systematic review
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a a complex neuroendocrine and metabolic disorder condition that is frequently linked to irregular menstrual cycles. Although synthetic pharmacological agents are widely used and show clinical efficacy in managing PCOS, many patients increasingly prefer natural therapies because of their favorable therapeutic outcomes and the adverse effects or limitations linked to conventional allopathic treatments. Considering the rising interest in herbal medicine, this review highlights the potential role of various medicinal plants for the management of (PCOS). Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted, and relevant data were extracted from databases including Scopus, PubMed, Crossref, Google Scholar and Hinari to assess the efficacy of herbal interventions in the management of PCOS. Result: This review outlines the therapeutic significance of selected herbal medicines in PCOS, with emphasis on their phytochemical composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects. Conclusion: The findings presented in this review provide valuable insights and serve as a useful reference for researchers investigating the therapeutic potential of herbal interventions and approaches in PCOS.
Evaluation of Clinical Pharmacy Services on Antihypertensive Drug Prescribing Patterns and Compelling Indications in a Teaching Hospital
Hypertension is a prevalent cardiovascular disorder and a significant risk factor for various life-threatening conditions, including congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and stroke. The present study was undertaken to assess the impact of clinical pharmacy interventions on prescribing patterns of antihypertensive medications and their compelling indications in a tertiary care teaching hospital. This prospective observational study involved the review and analysis of inpatient records of individuals diagnosed with hypertension. Patient demographic characteristics, such as age and sex, were systematically documented. Among the 450 hypertensive patients included in the study, a total of 387 potential drug–drug interactions were identified. The findings underscore the critical role of clinical pharmacy services in optimizing antihypertensive drug therapy. Additionally, the results highlight the necessity of improving patient education related to medication adherence and lifestyle modifications to enhance blood pressure control in hospital-based care settings.
CASSIA FISTULA IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, THERAPEUTIC USES AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
Medicinal plants have played a pivotal role in the origin and advancement of traditional herbal medicine systems worldwide. Species belonging to the genus Cassia are of considerable therapeutic importance due to their rich phytochemical diversity and wide range of pharmacological activities. These plants contain numerous bioactive secondary metabolites, including tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, oxyanthraquinones, carbohydrates, and fatty acids, which contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. Cassia fistula Linn., commonly known as the Golden Shower tree, is one of the most extensively used medicinal plants in Ayurvedic, Unani, and other traditional medicine systems. Native to India and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, C. fistula has been traditionally employed for the management of gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, liver ailments, respiratory disorders, fever, rheumatism, and metabolic diseases. Various plant parts, including the leaves, roots, bark, flowers, fruits, and seeds, have been reported to exhibit laxative, purgative, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, antifertility, and wound-healing properties. Experimental studies further indicate its effectiveness against bacterial infections, hypercholesterolaemia, and oxidative stress, along with notable hypoglycaemic and central nervous system activities. Despite its long-standing traditional use and documented biological potential, many of the therapeutic claims associated with Cassia fistula require systematic clinical validation. This review critically compiles and evaluates available literature on the phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of Cassia fistula, highlighting its therapeutic relevance and identifying gaps for future scientific research.
NANOENCAPSULATION TECHNOLOGY: ADVANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFECTIVE FOOD PRESERVATIVES
Food preservation represents a critical challenge in modern food systems, where conventional preservatives often face limitations in efficacy, stability, and bioavailability. This comprehensive review examines how nanoencapsulation technology serves as a transformative approach to enhance the effectiveness of food preservatives through improved delivery mechanisms, controlled release kinetics, and enhanced antimicrobial potency. By encapsulating bioactive compounds including natural antimicrobials, essential oils, and plant extracts within nanoscale carrier systems, nanoencapsulation addresses fundamental barriers that limit conventional preservative performance. This paper synthesizes current research on encapsulation technologies (liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanostructured lipid carriers), mechanisms of action in food matrices, application methodologies, and comparative efficacy studies demonstrating 2-4 log reductions in pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, we examine stimulus responsive delivery systems that intelligently release preservative agents in response to environmental triggers, the regulatory landscape governing nanomaterial food applications, and critical safety considerations essential for market adoption. The intersection of nanotechnology and food science creates unprecedented opportunities to develop preservative systems that are simultaneously more effective at lower concentrations, environmentally sustainable, and safer for consumers. This review provides stakeholders including food scientists, regulatory professionals, and technology developers with an integrated framework for understanding, implementing, and advancing nanoencapsulation-based preservation strategies in contemporary food systems.
Development of Duloxetine hydrochloride Orodispersible Films for Rapid Onset of Antidepressant Action
This study aimed to formulate fast-dissolving orodispersible films (ODFs) containing Duloxetine HCl to expedite beginning of action and augment patient adherence, especially in individuals with dysphagia. Films were fabricated by the solvent-casting method, employing HPMC E15 as the principal film-forming polymer, with sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and croscarmellose sodium (CCS) integrated as superdisintegrants to enhance wetting and disintegration. Seven formulations (DL1–DL7) were assessed for physicomechanical characteristics, content uniformity, FTIR compatibility, and in vitro dissolution. All films demonstrated sufficient flexibility, satisfactory surface pH, consistent thickness, and assay results within the range of 95–105%. Dissolution studies revealed swift drug release, with DL4 (9% SSG) and DL6 (4% CCS) attaining approximately 80–85% release in 10 minutes and nearly total release within 20 minutes. Kinetic modeling aligns most effectively with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, suggesting the presence of anomalous diffusion. Stability testing verified the absence of substantial alterations in assay or performance. Ultimately, DL4 and DL6 were identified as optimal formulations.
Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Nebivolol HCL for Treatment of Hypertension
The present study was aimed at the formulation and evaluation of mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) of Nebivolol HCl for the effective treatment of hypertension, enhancing patient compliance and ensuring rapid onset of action. Nebivolol HCl, a β1-selective adrenergic blocker, suffers from poor aqueous solubility, which limits its bioavailability. To address this, mouth dissolving tablets were formulated using different super disintegrants — Polyplasdone XL, Solutab, and Explotab — in varying concentrations to optimize disintegration time and drug release profile. A Total of Nine formulations (F1 to F9) were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time, wetting time, and in vitro drug release. Among all the formulations, Formulation F3, containing an optimized concentration of Polyplasdone XL, demonstrated the most desirable results with 99.24% drug release within 30 minutes, fastest disintegration time, and excellent tablet characteristics. The study concluded that the use of suitable super disintegrants significantly improved the dissolution rate and patient acceptability of Nebivolol HCl MDTs. Formulation F3 was identified as the optimized formulation and holds potential for rapid and effective hypertension management through improved bioavailability and patient compliance.
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Theophylline Using Natural Polymer
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablets of Theophylline using natural polymers such as Guar Gum, Fenugreek, and Karya Gum. The aim was to develop a cost-effective and biocompatible drug delivery system that could provide prolonged therapeutic effects, reduce dosing frequency, and enhance patient compliance. A total of nine formulations were prepared using varying concentrations of the selected natural polymers by the Direct compression method. All pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, and drug content, were found to be within acceptable limits as per IP standards, indicating the suitability of the formulations. In-vitro drug release studies were carried out for 12 hours, and the release profiles showed a sustained release pattern. Among the nine formulations, F6 was identified as the optimized formulation as it exhibited a drug release of 99.72% at the end of 12 hours, following a controlled release mechanism. The results suggest that natural polymers can be effectively utilized for the formulation of sustained release tablets of Theophylline.