International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research
The International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research (IJPHR) is a peer-reviewed, Quarterly official international journal allowing access to abstracts and full-text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences, Health care, Public health and other related multi disciplines. Multi - Disciplines follows: Pharmacotherapy, Drug delivery systems, Drug Analysis, Hospital Pharmacy, Chemical Moieties, Pharmacology, Docking studies, Clinical studies, Traditional medicines, Immunology, Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear medicines, Nursing, Microbiology, Biotechnology, Industrial trials, Physiotherapy, Psychotherapy, Ophthalmology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Environmental and occupational health, Community medicine, Endermologie, Epidemiology and biostatistics, Human nutrition, Reproductive health, Health service management, Health informatics, Sociology & Social works, Biomedical engineering sciences, Molecular biology, Natural & computational sciences, Veterinary medicines, Plant biological studies. ISSN: 2306 - 6091 International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research seeks to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, pharmaceutical industries and healthcare sector as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and opinions in pharmaceutical sciences and other related inter multi disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal particularly welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subjected to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not already under consideration for publication) will be published without delay.
Fast dissolving tablets are among the most commonly used dosage forms and are often administered in emergency situations. They serve various drugs as a route of administration due to their proven safety, convenience, and cost-effectiveness. Research and development focus on fast dissolving tablets aim to enhance patient adherence and ease of use. These tablets dissolve quickly and can be swallowed without the need for chewing or extra water. They are particularly beneficial for individuals who have difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), such as paediatric and geriatric patients. Fast dissolving tablets possess several ideal characteristics, advantages, and distinct features, as well as various technological advancements. They are utilized in treating conditions like Parkinson’s disease, neurological disorders, and schizophrenia. Additionally, fast dissolving tablets are referred to as mouth dissolving tablets. One of the key benefits of fast dissolving tablets is advantage of oral liquid dosage forms. There are restrictions on the oral dose. Form and administration of different drugs, such as first pass metabolism, mental patients, immobile patients, and unwilling patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Systematic Review
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent fungal infection affecting approximately 75% of women at least once during their lifetime. Conventional antifungal therapies are hampered by poor drug bioavailability, rapid vaginal clearance, and emerging resistance. Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) offer promising alternatives by enhancing drug retention, permeation, and therapeutic efficacy. Objective: This systematic review critically evaluates current NDDS including liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nano emulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, in situ gels, microemulsions, vaginal films, cyclodextrin complexes, and dendrimers developed for the treatment of VVC. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (2010–2024) using MeSH terms including 'vulvovaginal candidiasis', 'novel drug delivery', 'vaginal nanoparticles', and 'antifungal formulation'. Patent databases including USPTO, EPO, and WIPO were also searched. Results: A total of 27 primary research articles and 10 relevant patents were reviewed. Nanoparticle-based formulations demonstrated superior antifungal activity with significant improvements in MIC values (2–8-fold reduction), prolonged drug release (24–72 h), and enhanced vaginal retention compared to conventional formulations. In situ gelling systems and mucoadhesive platforms showed the greatest promise for patient compliance and sustained therapeutic effect. Conclusion: NDDS represent a significant advancement in the management of VVC, offering improved drug bioavailability, reduced dosing frequency, and potential to overcome antifungal resistance. Further clinical translation and regulatory studies are required.
Exploring the Pharmacogenetic Standard Bioactive Potential Tagetes Erect
Marigold is a hardy annual plant native to Southern Europe and widely cultivated in tropical countries like India and China. Marigold (Tagetes species) has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and more recently in modern therapeutic applications. It produces brightly colored, fragrant flowers most commonly yellow which are edible and used as natural colouring agents and spices. Medicinal benefits of Calendula officinalis include wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, skin protective, menstrual supportive, oral care, and digestive protective properties. According to phytochemical analysis, carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenoids, thiophenes, essential oils. Different parts of the plant contain important phytochemicals such as lutein, quercetin, quercetagetin and its glucoside, syringic acid, thienyl compounds, terpenes, and various phenolic compounds. Various pharmacological properties include, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, skin protective, menstrual supportive, oral care, and digestive protective properties.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON HERBAL TOPICAL GELS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VARICOSE VEINS
Varicose veins represent a chronic venous disorder characterized by dilated, tortuous superficial veins resulting from venous valve dysfunction and impaired blood return. The condition affects a significant proportion of the adult population worldwide and is associated with pain, edema, inflammation, heaviness of legs, and cosmetic concerns that may progress to chronic venous insufficiency if untreated. Conventional management strategies include compression therapy, sclerotherapy, pharmacological agents, and surgical interventions; however, these approaches may be expensive, invasive, or associated with adverse effects. Increasing attention has therefore shifted toward herbal-based topical formulations, particularly gels, due to their enhanced patient compliance, localized drug delivery, minimal systemic toxicity, and improved therapeutic outcomes. Herbal topical gels incorporate plant-derived bioactive compounds possessing anti-inflammatory, venotonic, antioxidant, and microcirculatory enhancing properties that directly target pathological mechanisms involved in venous disorders. This review comprehensively discusses the scientific basis of herbal topical gels in varicose vein management, including anatomical considerations, pathophysiology, causative factors, symptomatology, commonly used medicinal plants, formulation advantages, and therapeutic potential. Emphasis is placed on phytoconstituents capable of improving vascular tone, reducing edema, and protecting endothelial integrity. The article aims to provide a consolidated scientific framework supporting the development of effective, safe, and evidence-based herbal topical therapies for chronic venous diseases.
Herbal medicine as an emerging approach polycystic ovarian syndrome: A systematic review
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a a complex neuroendocrine and metabolic disorder condition that is frequently linked to irregular menstrual cycles. Although synthetic pharmacological agents are widely used and show clinical efficacy in managing PCOS, many patients increasingly prefer natural therapies because of their favorable therapeutic outcomes and the adverse effects or limitations linked to conventional allopathic treatments. Considering the rising interest in herbal medicine, this review highlights the potential role of various medicinal plants for the management of (PCOS). Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted, and relevant data were extracted from databases including Scopus, PubMed, Crossref, Google Scholar and Hinari to assess the efficacy of herbal interventions in the management of PCOS. Result: This review outlines the therapeutic significance of selected herbal medicines in PCOS, with emphasis on their phytochemical composition, mechanisms of action, and pharmacological effects. Conclusion: The findings presented in this review provide valuable insights and serve as a useful reference for researchers investigating the therapeutic potential of herbal interventions and approaches in PCOS.
Evaluation of Clinical Pharmacy Services on Antihypertensive Drug Prescribing Patterns and Compelling Indications in a Teaching Hospital
Hypertension is a prevalent cardiovascular disorder and a significant risk factor for various life-threatening conditions, including congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and stroke. The present study was undertaken to assess the impact of clinical pharmacy interventions on prescribing patterns of antihypertensive medications and their compelling indications in a tertiary care teaching hospital. This prospective observational study involved the review and analysis of inpatient records of individuals diagnosed with hypertension. Patient demographic characteristics, such as age and sex, were systematically documented. Among the 450 hypertensive patients included in the study, a total of 387 potential drug–drug interactions were identified. The findings underscore the critical role of clinical pharmacy services in optimizing antihypertensive drug therapy. Additionally, the results highlight the necessity of improving patient education related to medication adherence and lifestyle modifications to enhance blood pressure control in hospital-based care settings.
CASSIA FISTULA IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, THERAPEUTIC USES AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
Medicinal plants have played a pivotal role in the origin and advancement of traditional herbal medicine systems worldwide. Species belonging to the genus Cassia are of considerable therapeutic importance due to their rich phytochemical diversity and wide range of pharmacological activities. These plants contain numerous bioactive secondary metabolites, including tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, oxyanthraquinones, carbohydrates, and fatty acids, which contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. Cassia fistula Linn., commonly known as the Golden Shower tree, is one of the most extensively used medicinal plants in Ayurvedic, Unani, and other traditional medicine systems. Native to India and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, C. fistula has been traditionally employed for the management of gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, liver ailments, respiratory disorders, fever, rheumatism, and metabolic diseases. Various plant parts, including the leaves, roots, bark, flowers, fruits, and seeds, have been reported to exhibit laxative, purgative, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor, antifertility, and wound-healing properties. Experimental studies further indicate its effectiveness against bacterial infections, hypercholesterolaemia, and oxidative stress, along with notable hypoglycaemic and central nervous system activities. Despite its long-standing traditional use and documented biological potential, many of the therapeutic claims associated with Cassia fistula require systematic clinical validation. This review critically compiles and evaluates available literature on the phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of Cassia fistula, highlighting its therapeutic relevance and identifying gaps for future scientific research.
NANOENCAPSULATION TECHNOLOGY: ADVANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFECTIVE FOOD PRESERVATIVES
Food preservation represents a critical challenge in modern food systems, where conventional preservatives often face limitations in efficacy, stability, and bioavailability. This comprehensive review examines how nanoencapsulation technology serves as a transformative approach to enhance the effectiveness of food preservatives through improved delivery mechanisms, controlled release kinetics, and enhanced antimicrobial potency. By encapsulating bioactive compounds including natural antimicrobials, essential oils, and plant extracts within nanoscale carrier systems, nanoencapsulation addresses fundamental barriers that limit conventional preservative performance. This paper synthesizes current research on encapsulation technologies (liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and nanostructured lipid carriers), mechanisms of action in food matrices, application methodologies, and comparative efficacy studies demonstrating 2-4 log reductions in pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, we examine stimulus responsive delivery systems that intelligently release preservative agents in response to environmental triggers, the regulatory landscape governing nanomaterial food applications, and critical safety considerations essential for market adoption. The intersection of nanotechnology and food science creates unprecedented opportunities to develop preservative systems that are simultaneously more effective at lower concentrations, environmentally sustainable, and safer for consumers. This review provides stakeholders including food scientists, regulatory professionals, and technology developers with an integrated framework for understanding, implementing, and advancing nanoencapsulation-based preservation strategies in contemporary food systems.
Development of Duloxetine hydrochloride Orodispersible Films for Rapid Onset of Antidepressant Action
This study aimed to formulate fast-dissolving orodispersible films (ODFs) containing Duloxetine HCl to expedite beginning of action and augment patient adherence, especially in individuals with dysphagia. Films were fabricated by the solvent-casting method, employing HPMC E15 as the principal film-forming polymer, with sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and croscarmellose sodium (CCS) integrated as superdisintegrants to enhance wetting and disintegration. Seven formulations (DL1–DL7) were assessed for physicomechanical characteristics, content uniformity, FTIR compatibility, and in vitro dissolution. All films demonstrated sufficient flexibility, satisfactory surface pH, consistent thickness, and assay results within the range of 95–105%. Dissolution studies revealed swift drug release, with DL4 (9% SSG) and DL6 (4% CCS) attaining approximately 80–85% release in 10 minutes and nearly total release within 20 minutes. Kinetic modeling aligns most effectively with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, suggesting the presence of anomalous diffusion. Stability testing verified the absence of substantial alterations in assay or performance. Ultimately, DL4 and DL6 were identified as optimal formulations.
Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Nebivolol HCL for Treatment of Hypertension
The present study was aimed at the formulation and evaluation of mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) of Nebivolol HCl for the effective treatment of hypertension, enhancing patient compliance and ensuring rapid onset of action. Nebivolol HCl, a β1-selective adrenergic blocker, suffers from poor aqueous solubility, which limits its bioavailability. To address this, mouth dissolving tablets were formulated using different super disintegrants — Polyplasdone XL, Solutab, and Explotab — in varying concentrations to optimize disintegration time and drug release profile. A Total of Nine formulations (F1 to F9) were prepared by direct compression method and evaluated for pre-compression and post-compression parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time, wetting time, and in vitro drug release. Among all the formulations, Formulation F3, containing an optimized concentration of Polyplasdone XL, demonstrated the most desirable results with 99.24% drug release within 30 minutes, fastest disintegration time, and excellent tablet characteristics. The study concluded that the use of suitable super disintegrants significantly improved the dissolution rate and patient acceptability of Nebivolol HCl MDTs. Formulation F3 was identified as the optimized formulation and holds potential for rapid and effective hypertension management through improved bioavailability and patient compliance.
Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Theophylline Using Natural Polymer
The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of sustained release matrix tablets of Theophylline using natural polymers such as Guar Gum, Fenugreek, and Karya Gum. The aim was to develop a cost-effective and biocompatible drug delivery system that could provide prolonged therapeutic effects, reduce dosing frequency, and enhance patient compliance. A total of nine formulations were prepared using varying concentrations of the selected natural polymers by the Direct compression method. All pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, and drug content, were found to be within acceptable limits as per IP standards, indicating the suitability of the formulations. In-vitro drug release studies were carried out for 12 hours, and the release profiles showed a sustained release pattern. Among the nine formulations, F6 was identified as the optimized formulation as it exhibited a drug release of 99.72% at the end of 12 hours, following a controlled release mechanism. The results suggest that natural polymers can be effectively utilized for the formulation of sustained release tablets of Theophylline.
Formulation and Evaluation of Extended-Release Matrix Tablets of Salbutamol Sulphate Using Natural Polymers
The present study involves the formulation and evaluation of extended release matrix tablets of Salbutamol Sulphate using natural polymers such as Guar Gum, Locust Bean Gum, and Gum Damar. The primary objective was to develop a sustained release formulation that could maintain therapeutic drug levels over an extended period, thereby reducing dosing frequency and improving patient compliance. A total of nine formulations were prepared using varying concentrations of the selected natural polymers. All formulations were subjected to pre-compression and post-compression evaluations, and the results were found to be within the acceptable limits as per IP standards. Among all, formulation F6 was identified as the optimized batch, as it exhibited the most desirable drug release profile, achieving 99.08% drug release over 12 hours. The study concludes that natural polymers can effectively be used in the formulation of extended release tablets of Salbutamol Sulphate, offering a promising and sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers in controlled drug delivery systems.
Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Breast Cancer Therapy: Advances in Nanomedicine
Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, despite significant advances in early detection and systemic therapy. Conventional chemotherapy is often limited by poor tumor selectivity, dose-limiting toxicity, multidrug resistance, and inadequate intracellular drug accumulation. Targeted drug delivery systems enabled by nanomedicine have emerged as a transformative strategy to overcome these barriers by improving pharmacokinetics, enhancing tumor localization, and enabling molecularly guided therapy. This review critically examines the design principles, mechanistic foundations, and translational progress of nanotechnology-based targeted drug delivery systems for breast cancer therapy. Passive targeting through the enhanced permeability and retention effect and active targeting using ligand–receptor interactions are discussed in relation to tumor microenvironment heterogeneity, vascular permeability, and cellular internalization pathways. Major nanocarrier platforms, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, inorganic nanostructures, and biomimetic systems, are analyzed with respect to drug loading capacity, release kinetics, biocompatibility, and clinical scalability. Particular attention is given to receptor-specific targeting strategies directed against HER2, estrogen receptors, folate receptors, and CD44, as well as emerging stimuli-responsive and theranostic systems. Recent preclinical and clinical evidence highlights meaningful improvements in therapeutic index, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced treatment personalization. Remaining challenges related to immunogenicity, manufacturing reproducibility, regulatory pathways, and long-term safety are critically evaluated. Overall, nanomedicine-based targeted delivery offers a compelling pathway toward precision breast cancer therapy and supports the continued integration of advanced materials science with molecular oncology for improved patient outcomes.
A Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Overview on
In traditional medicine, Celosia cristata (Family: Amaranthaceous) is frequently used to treat a variety of illnesses. Because the blossom resembles the head of a rooster (cock), Celosia cristata, a member of the genus Celosia, is frequently referred to as cockscomb. Numerous delicate components were separated from various plant sections. The plant exhibited a variety of pharmacological actions, according to current research. This review discussed Celosia cristata's pharmacological properties and chemical components.
Surgical and Non-Surgical Strategies in Intervention of Orthopedics
Orthopedic interventions encompass a broad range of surgical and non-surgical approaches designed to diagnose, manage, and treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of current orthopedic practices, focusing on advancements in surgical techniques, bio-materials, minimally invasive procedures, and postoperative rehabilitation strategies. The article synthesizes findings from recent clinical studies and meta-analyses to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes of common orthopedic interventions such as joint arthroscopy, fracture fixation, spinal surgery, and arthroscopy. Emerging technologies, including computer-assisted navigation and biological, are also discussed for their potential to enhance surgical precision and patient recovery. By critically analyzing the literature, this review aims to inform clinical decision-making, identify gaps in current research, and propose directions for future investigation in the evolving field of orthopedic care.
Artificial Intelligence–Enabled Pharmacovigilance: A New Paradigm in Drug Safety Surveillance
Pharmacovigilance (PV) has historically relied on manual intake and clinical review of spontaneous adverse event reports, constrained by under-reporting, variable data quality, duplicate cases, and operational latency. Over the last decade, the digitalization of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) and the maturation of machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and “augmented intelligence” workflows have enabled a shift from document-centric, manual processing toward data-centric, semi-automated surveillance. This review synthesizes the evolution from manual safety reporting to AI-enabled PV across the ICSR lifecycle: intake and triage, data extraction and normalization, coding (MedDRA/WHO Drug), case processing and medical assessment support, duplicate detection, signal detection and validation, and regulatory submission. We summarize the enabling regulatory/technical standards (e.g., ICH E2B (R3), EMA GVP), global surveillance ecosystems (FAERS, EudraVigilance, VigiBase), and contemporary guidance (e.g., CIOMS Working Group XIV) that shape responsible AI adoption. We present publication-ready tables describing (i) the PV technology timeline, (ii) AI methods mapped to PV tasks with validation metrics and risks, and (iii) an implementation governance checklist. A figure proposes an end-to-end AI-enabled PV operating model with human oversight and audit ability. We conclude that the most durable value arises from targeted automation (coding, extraction, prioritization) combined with robust governance data quality management, bias monitoring, explain ability, and continuous performance verification rather than full replacement of expert judgment.
Immunometabolism: Linking Cellular Energy Pathways with Immune Responses in Health and Disease
Immunometabolism, the interdisciplinary nexus between cellular metabolism and immune regulation, has emerged as a pivotal field in understanding how metabolic cues shape immune cell fate, function, and pathogenicity. Beyond merely supporting energy demands, metabolic pathways actively reprogram immune cells by modulating signaling cascades, transcriptional networks, and epigenetic landscapes. During immune activation, immune cells dynamically transition between metabolic states, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and glutaminolysis, to meet distinct functional requirements. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, cancer progression, metabolic syndromes, and infectious diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies, metabolomics, and imaging have expanded our understanding of how nutrient availability and metabolic checkpoints govern immunity. Moreover, therapeutic targeting of immunometabolic pathways, ranging from glycolytic inhibition to mitochondrial bioenergetic enhancement, offers promising interventions for diverse clinical conditions, including cancer immunotherapy and metabolic inflammatory diseases. This review consolidates current insights into the metabolic regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, emphasizing physiological homeostasis and pathological alterations, while also exploring emerging translational opportunities in immunometabolic therapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION FOR ASSAY OF ALPROSTADIL BY HPLC USING INTERNAL STANDARD
An isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the assay of Alprostadil using an Internal Standard. The successful separation of from its synthetic impurities and degradation products formed under stress conditions was achieved using 4.6mm x 25cm, Packing L1 or equivalent maintained at 25°C with a mobile phase of Methanol, acetonitrile and 0.1 M mono basic potassium phosphate (2:1:2) adjust with phosphoric acid to pH of 3.0. The mobile phase flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 200 nm. The developed HPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. The developed HPLC method to determine the assay of alprostadil can be used to evaluate the quality of regular production samples. It can be also used to test the stability samples of Alprostadil.
A Review on Comprehensive Comparative Study about Kefir, Yogurt, Buttermilk with their Health Benefits
Fermented milk products have played an integral role in human nutrition across cultures for centuries. Among the most widely consumed are kefir, yogurt, and buttermilk, each possessing unique microbial compositions, fermentation processes, sensory characteristics, and health benefits. This paper presents a comparative study of kefir, yogurt, and buttermilk, examining their origins, production methods, physicochemical properties, nutritional profiles, microbial diversity, and therapeutic implications. The analysis also considers their commercial and cultural significance and highlights the growing interest in probiotic-rich functional foods. Findings suggest that while all three share fundamental probiotic benefits, kefir demonstrates the highest microbial diversity and strongest potential for gastrointestinal and immune health, while yogurt and buttermilk retain distinctive advantages in texture, taste, and culinary versatility.
The Power of Data: How Clinical Data Management Shapes Modern Clinical Research
Clinical Data Management (CDM) plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of data collected during clinical trials. As clinical research expands globally and generates large volumes of data, CDM provides a structured process for data collection, validation, cleaning, and storage. The use of Electronic Data Capture (EDC) systems, cloud platforms, and automated validation tools has improved efficiency, reduced errors, and enabled real-time monitoring. CDM ensures that clinical trial data is compliant with regulatory standards such as ICH-GCP, FDA 21 CFR Part 11, and CDISC guidelines, which promote data traceability and patient confidentiality. By supporting high-quality data, CDM strengthens scientific conclusions and facilitates faster regulatory approvals. Moreover, advancements such as artificial intelligence and decentralized trial designs further enhance data accuracy and patient accessibility. Overall, CDM transforms raw clinical data into meaningful evidence, aiding drug development decisions, improving patient safety, and contributing significantly to modern healthcare innovation.
Formulation and Evaluation of Paclitaxel Controlled Release Tablets
The aim of the present study was to develop Paclitaxel controlled release tablets to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 12 hrs. Carbopol974P, Xanthan Gum and HPMC K 15M were used as polymers. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters such as Bulk Density, Tapped Density, Carrs Index, Hausners Ratio, Angle of Repose, Weight Variation, Hardness, Thickness, Friability and Drug Content. From the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation F5 showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e., 99.16 % in 12 hours. It contains the Xanthan Gum as polymer. It followed peppas order release kinetics.
Formulation and in Vitro Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Amisulpride Using Novel Super Disintegrants
The present investigation was aimed at the formulation and in vitro evaluation of mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) of Amisulpride using novel super disintegrants to enhance patient compliance and improve the drug’s onset of action. Amisulpride, an atypical antipsychotic agent, suffers from drawbacks such as delayed dissolution and swallowing difficulties in conventional dosage forms, making MDTs a suitable alternative. Various formulations were prepared by direct compression method using different concentrations of novel super disintegrants. The prepared tablets were evaluated for pre-compression parameters (angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio) and post-compression parameters (hardness, friability, weight variation, wetting time, disintegration time, drug content, and in vitro dissolution studies). The results revealed that all formulations complied with pharmacopeial limits. Among the developed batches, the optimized formulation exhibited a minimum disintegration time, rapid wetting time, and maximum drug release within a short period, demonstrating the effectiveness of the selected super disintegrants. The incorporation of novel super disintegrants significantly enhanced the dissolution profile of Amisulpride compared to conventional formulations. In conclusion, the study established that mouth dissolving tablets of Amisulpride formulated with novel super disintegrants can serve as a promising dosage form, providing improved patient convenience, faster onset of therapeutic action, and enhanced bioavailability.
Formulation and Evaluation of Duloxetine Hydrochloride Enteric Coated Tablets
Objective of the current study is to develop colon targeted drug delivery systems for Duloxetine Hydrochloride. Sodium alginate and Carbopol 940 is used as polymers in this drug delivery system. The colon targeted tablet was prepared by direct compression technique. Study of the preformulation characteristics and FTIR studies indicates that there was no interaction between Duloxetine Hydrochloride and excipients used. The formulated tablets were tested for both pre-compression parameters and post compression parameters as per requirements of standards. Pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio and compressibility index. The results obtained indicate that it has good flow property for direct compression. From among the entire batches, formulation F4 showed 98.81% drug release at 24 hrs. Since it provide greater protection to the core under acidic condition while at the same time show the fastest drug release under intestinal pH. So the trial F4 was considered as best formulation.
Formulation and Evaluation of Immediate-Release Tablets of Cenobamate
The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate immediate-release (IR) tablets of Cenobamate, an anticonvulsant drug, to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Cenobamate, being poorly soluble in water, poses formulation challenges. Various excipients and approaches were employed to improve the drug's solubility and facilitate its rapid release. Immediate-release tablet formulations were prepared using direct compression, incorporating different concentrations of superdisintegrants Crospovidine (CP) , Croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and Sodium starch glycolate (SSG)) and fillers microcrystalline cellulose to optimize disintegration time, dissolution rate, and drug release profile. The tablets were characterized by physical parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, and content uniformity. In vitro dissolution studies were conducted to assess the release characteristics of cenobamate tablets, aiming for a rapid release in the first 30 minutes. The formulated tablets met pharmacopoeial standards for uniformity of weight, content, and dissolution, with a marked improvement in drug release compared to conventional tablet forms. The results indicated that the immediate-release cenobamate tablets have the potential to provide rapid onset of action, contributing to more efficient management of seizure disorders. This formulation offers an effective approach to enhance the bioavailability and clinical performance of cenobamate for better therapeutic outcomes.
Development and in-Vitro Evaluation of Raltegravir Sustain Release Tablets
The present study focuses on the development and in-vitro evaluation of sustained release tablets of Raltegravir, an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV. The aim was to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance by reducing the frequency of drug administration through sustained drug release. Various formulations were prepared using different polymers, among which Karya gum was selected as the natural polymer for sustained release. A total of several batches was formulated, and formulation R4, containing 100 mg of Karya gum, was found to be the optimized batch based on evaluation parameters. All pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including hardness, friability, weight variation, and drug content, were within acceptable limits. In-vitro dissolution studies revealed that formulation R4 exhibited a sustained drug release of 99.57% over a period of 12 hours. The drug release kinetics of the optimized formulation followed a sustained release pattern, indicating its potential in maintaining consistent plasma levels and improving therapeutic outcomes. Hence, R4 formulation using Karya gum can be considered a promising sustained release system for Raltegravir.
The Future of Drug Safety: AI-Driven Detection and Prediction of Adverse Drug Reactions
Pharmacovigilance (PV) is pivotal in ensuring drug safety and minimizing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). With the growing complexity of drug development, rising ADR-related morbidity, and the proliferation of real-world and digital health data, traditional PV systems face significant challenges, including underreporting, signal latency, and heterogeneous data integration. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer transformative potential to enhance ADR detection, signal management, and personalized risk prediction. This review explores the evolution of pharmacovigilance, from early frameworks to modern AI-enabled systems, examining core concepts, regulatory landscapes, and the integration of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, and predictive modeling into PV practice. The study also evaluates digital data sources such as electronic health records, social media, and real-world evidence, highlighting AI-driven tools for real-time surveillance and automated signal detection. Ethical, legal, and regulatory considerations, along with challenges in implementation, transparency, and data quality, are discussed. Finally, emerging technologies including multi-omics integration, blockchain, digital twins, and predictive pharmacovigilance in drug development are considered, emphasizing the shift from reactive to proactive drug safety monitoring. This comprehensive analysis underscores the opportunities and future directions for AI in improving patient safety and advancing global pharmacovigilance systems.
Hydrodynamically Balanced Systems using Famotidine: Influence of natural and synthetic polymers
This study focuses on the development and evaluation of floating sustained-release tablets of Famotidine using the Hydrodynamically Balanced System (HBS) approach to prolong gastric retention and enhance bioavailability for the management of peptic and duodenal ulcers. Floating tablets were formulated via wet granulation employing both synthetic (HPMC 15cps, HPMC 100M, Carbopol) and natural polymers (Chitosan, Psyllium husk), along with gas-generating agents to achieve buoyancy. All prepared formulations were assessed for drug-polymer compatibility, pre-compression parameters, and post-compression characteristics, including in-vitro buoyancy and drug release. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the compatibility between Famotidine and the polymers. The synthetic polymer-based formulations demonstrated superior performance compared to those with natural polymers. Among all, formulation SPF5, containing HPMC 15cps, was identified as the optimized batch. It exhibited an excellent floating lag time of 15 seconds, a total floating time of over 23 hours, a high swelling index (68.38%), and sustained drug release over 12 hours in simulated gastric fluid. The drug release from SPF5 followed zero-order kinetics (R²=0.964) and the Higuchi model, indicating a diffusion-based, Non-Fickian release mechanism. Stability studies confirmed the formulation's robustness over time. In conclusion, the successful development of Famotidine HBS tablets presents a promising strategy for controlled drug delivery, offering improved therapeutic efficacy over conventional dosage forms.
AI Language Models in Pharmaceutical R&D: Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations
The integration of AI language models such as GPT, BERT, and other transformer-based systems is transforming pharmaceutical R&D by enhancing drug discovery, clinical trial design, regulatory documentation, and pharmacovigilance through automation of literature mining, protocol drafting, and safety reporting. Their ability to analyze vast unstructured data accelerates decision-making and shortens time-to-market for new therapies. However, adoption in regulated pharma environments faces challenges including lack of harmonized validation guidelines, risks of data hallucination, limited transparency, and compliance uncertainties due to the absence of specific frameworks from regulatory bodies like the FDA, EMA, and ICH. Ethical concerns such as algorithmic bias, patient data privacy, and accountability further complicate deployment. To overcome these issues, hybrid human-AI workflows, explainable AI (XAI), and ethical oversight are recommended, along with domain-specific model training, risk-based regulatory classifications, and global harmonization of standards. Ultimately, the future of AI in pharma depends on balancing innovation with compliance to ensure patient safety, equity, and trust.
Comparative Study of New Drug Application Procedure in US, EU and India
This topic aims at reviewing the drug filing and different aspects of obtaining United States Food & Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval for a drug in order to get a Marketing Authorization in US & Europe and their effective role in improving the standards laid down by them. All new / generic drug products must be approved by the respective regulatory agency governing the respective market before a particular product can be introduced into the market. By law, all new drugs must first be shown to be safe and effective before they can be approved by the respective regulatory agency for marketing. USFDA is the regulatory agency which is responsible for safety regulation of the food and drug products in US. EMA is the regulatory agency decentralized body which is responsible for safety regulation of the food and drug products in Europe. Drug approval process in USFDA involves submitting of an Investigational New Drug Application, followed by submission of New Drug Application. The applications are reviewed and agency officials examine the drug’s safety and efficacy data and the drug is approved. EU establishes 4 different drug approval processes: 1) Centralized Procedure 2) Decentralized Procedure 3) National Procedure 4) Mutual Recognition Procedure.
Review and Approval Procedures for Promotional Materials
A survey study was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to examine current drug promotional practices and assess how promotional material gifts influence prescribing behavior. A total of 200 health professionals participated, including 100 drug promoters and 100 drug prescribers from both public and private institutions. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and supported by secondary sources. Findings revealed that most respondents preferred prescribing by generic name rather than brand name. Almost all promoters (99%) had contacted prescribers, and 97% of both groups believed promotional materials provided full and relevant drug information. While most participants agreed that promotion and material gifts are necessary, they felt the monetary value of such gifts should remain small. The study concluded that promotional activities accompanied by material gifts significantly influence prescribing behavior, particularly in private institutions. These findings highlight the need for stricter regulation and ethical oversight of drug promotion in Ethiopia to prevent biased prescribing and rising medication costs.
Challenges in Designing Anda for Parenteral Products
Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic approach that focuses on understanding and controlling product quality through the integration of scientific principles, risk management, and regulatory requirements. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the application of QbD principles in the development of parenteral drug formulations, which are administered via injections, infusions, or implants. Employing Quality by Design (QbD) during the development of parenteral drug formulations yields substantial advantages as it facilitates a thorough comprehension of the interplay amongst formulation variables, process parameters, and critical quality attributes (CQAs). By employing a proactive and science-based approach, manufacturers can optimize product quality, reduce batch failures, and enhance patient safety and efficacy. The QbD approach in parenteral drug formulations involves several key elements. The first step is to identify and define the Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) that are crucial to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the drug product. These attributes include parameters such as potency, purity, stability, and drug release profiles. Secondly, QbD encourages the establishment of a design space, which defines the acceptable ranges of formulation and process parameters that ensure product quality within the desired CQA specifications. Furthermore, QbD promotes a lifecycle approach, encompassing the entire product lifecycle from development to post-approval changes. This involves continuous process verification, ongoing monitoring of product performance, and the implementation of quality control strategies to ensure consistency and reliability. In conclusion, the application of QbD principles in parenteral drug formulations offers a robust and science-based approach to ensure product quality, safety, and efficacy. By leveraging these principles, manufacturers can optimize formulations, control critical parameters, and enhance process.
Role of ICH in Harmonizing Drug Regulations
The International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is a project that brings together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the United States and experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration. Harmonisation of regulatory requirements was initiated by the European Community (EC), in the 1980s, the EC moved towards the development of a single market for pharmaceuticals. ICH regulatory authorities are among the first to evaluate new chemical entities and new products obtained from biotechnology. ICH provides various guidelines which are categorised into four category, Quality guidelines, safety guidelines, efficacy guidelines and multidisciplinary guidelines. These guideline give special concern for the patient population, large-scale human clinical trials lasting up to one year can begin in the absence of completed carcinogenicity studies in rodents.
International Regulatory Framework (IRF)
This study examines whether companies can comply with corporate reporting laws using de facto standards such as the International Integrated Reporting Framework (IRF) to meet the requirements of Directive 2014/95/EU on non-financial and diversity disclosure. An interpretivist research approach was adopted, using secondary data from professional reports, regulatory publications, and corporate registers. Findings reveal that for a private framework to achieve de facto standard status, it must gain strong regulatory endorsement and support from influential policymakers to ensure national-level adoption and diffusion. Without such backing, voluntary reporting frameworks struggle to become widely accepted. The study highlights that current practices often prioritize financial value creation and stock market capitalism over social and environmental sustainability, limiting their broader societal impact. It questions the continued relevance of both the IRF and the EU Directive in the post-COVID-19 era, emphasizing the need for reporting systems that move beyond compliance façades toward genuine accountability and sustainable value creation.
Hydrogel Systems for Clinical Research emerging trends in Therapeutics
This abstract summarizes current trends in hydrogel design and translational strategies that are advancing clinical research in therapeutics. It emphasizes responsive chemistries, device–drug combination pathways, and application niches with promising near-term clinical applications. Hydrogels are water-based polymer networks that can change their mechanical and transport properties. In the last ten years, they have quickly moved from research labs to real-world applications. Hydrogels are useful for several purposes: they can provide localized drug delivery, act as carriers for cells and genes, and serve as scaffolds for healing wounds and regenerating tissues. They are also effective in transdermal microneedle systems, which allow for painless drug administration. Hydrogels are becoming important platforms in clinical settings, effectively connecting biologics, small molecules, and cell therapies. They are particularly useful for local treatments, chronic wound repair, osteoarticular injections, and minimally invasive vaccine delivery. Early strategic engagement on chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) as well as regulatory pathways for combination products, along with the design of imaging-enabled endpoints, will help accelerate first-in-human studies and enhance the therapeutic impact.
Predictive Biopharmaceutics. Role of In-silico models in Drug Development
Predictive biopharmaceutics has become a vital tool in contemporary drug development, offering a theoretical framework to predict drug candidates' In- vivo performance based on their formulation and physicochemical properties. Predictive biopharmaceutics speeds up decision-making and lessens the cost of experiments by incorporating computational techniques to enable early identification of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, and molecular simulations are examples of in-silico models that are essential to this paradigm. These models provide highly accurate predictions of drug solubility, permeability, dissolution, and bioavailability under a variety of physiological circumstances. Using In-silico methods and predictive biopharmaceutics reduces late-stage failures while promoting cost-effectiveness, regulatory acceptance, and logical formulation design. When used in tandem, these instruments are transforming the drug development process by bridging the gap between clinical results and laboratory results, ultimately guaranteeing patients safer and more effective treatments.
Next Generation Biopharmaceutics Bridging Molecular Design with Clinical Success
Drug discovery and development remain lengthy and costly, often requiring over a decade and billions of dollars per approved therapy, with high attrition rates in clinical trials. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming this landscape by enabling predictive modelling, virtual screening, and generative molecular design. Techniques such as deep learning architectures (CNNs, RNNs and transformer models) and generative frameworks (GANs, VAEs, reinforcement learning) are accelerating drug–target interaction prediction, de novo compound generation, and optimization of biologics. These innovations significantly reduce development timelines, improve candidate selection, and enhance reliability compared to traditional trial-and-error methods. Integration of AI with organ-on-chip systems, biomarker-guided study designs, and digital simulations further bridges preclinical research with clinical translation. By fostering model-informed and data-driven development, next-generation biopharmaceutics emphasizes precision, safety, and cost-effectiveness. While regulatory, ethical, and technical challenges persist, AI-driven pipelines are poised to deliver a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical sciences, ensuring faster bench-to-bedside translation and shaping the future of personalized medicine.
Breast Cancer Management: Integrating Genomics, Targeted Therapy, and Immuno-Oncology
Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, contributing substantially to cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women. Over the past two decades, advances in genomics, molecular profiling, and translational oncology have transformed breast cancer management from a conventional, histology-driven approach to one increasingly guided by precision medicine. The integration of genomic technologies has enabled the identification of actionable mutations, predictive biomarkers, and molecular subtypes that inform both prognosis and therapeutic decision-making. Targeted therapies, particularly those directed against HER2, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, and cyclin-dependent kinases, have reshaped the therapeutic landscape by improving survival outcomes and minimizing systemic toxicity. More recently, immuno-oncology strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapies, and cancer vaccines, have expanded therapeutic possibilities, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a traditionally hard-to-treat subtype. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of breast cancer management, focusing on the integration of genomics, targeted therapy, and immuno-oncology within clinical practice. It highlights current standards of care, key molecular insights, translational research, and ongoing clinical trials while also emphasizing future perspectives for achieving durable responses and personalized cancer therapy.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Drugs in the Management of Hospital-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
A basic, Exact, exact strategy was created for the concurrent assessment of the Ceftolozane and Tazobactam in drug dose structure. Chromatogram was gone through XTerra C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5 μm molecule size). Portable stage containing Phosphate cradle and Acetonitrile in the proportion of 55:45 was siphoned through segment at a stream pace of 1ml/min. Support utilized at pH 4.6. Temperature was kept up with at Encompassing. Upgraded frequency for Ceftolozane and Tazobactam was 260 nm. Maintenance season of Ceftolozane and Tazobactam were viewed as 2.28 min and 3.62 min. The % virtue of Ceftolozane and Tazobactam was viewed as 100.5% and 101.2% individually. The framework appropriateness boundaries for Ceftolozane and Tazobactam, for example, hypothetical plates and following element were viewed as 2589.3, 5419.7, 1.11 and 1.34. The goal was viewed as 8.0. The linearity study for Ceftolozane and Tazobactam connection coefficient (r2) was viewed as 0.999 and 0.999, % mean recuperation was viewed as 100.1% and 100.4%, %RSD for repeatability was 1.2 and 0.60, % RSD for moderate accuracy was 1.48 and 0.82 separately. The accuracy study was exact, strong and repeatable. LOD esteem was 0.63 and 0.09, and LOQ esteem was 1.88 and 0.26respectively. The consequences of study showed that the proposed RP-HPLC strategy is a basic, exact, exact, tough, strong, quick and reproducible, which might be helpful for the normal assessment of Ceftolozane and Tazobactam in drug measurements structure.
Isolation and Analytical Characterization of Azadirachta Indica Seed Constituents Using Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy
To research neem and assess the impact of neem leaf extract in the forms of aqueous, ethanolic and methanol. several neem parts have yielded the isolation of over 140 compounds. There have been description of the entire neem tree, including the bark, leaves, flowers, seeds and furits in particular, inflammation, infection, fever, skin condition and dental issues. A simple thin layer chromatography digital image-based analytical methods has been developed for the quantitation of the botanical pesticides, azadirachtin. The method was validated by analyzing azadirachtin, process pesticide formulations, using acidifie vannilin reagent as a post chromatographic derivatizing agent. The separated azadirachtin was clearly identified as green spot. The Rf value was found 60 be 0.55, which is similar to reference standard. A standard calibration plot was established using a reference standard. A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct products. Chromatographic is the one of the best technique for separation. Paper chromatography is the simplest and faster technique. Paper chromatography as the name indicates it carried out on paper. A simple filter paper can be used for it. Different type of paper can also be used, it depending on solvent. It detection analyzed by visually. Fluorescence of substances using UV, enzymatic and microbiological methods. Neem(Azadirachta indica ) is an indian tree well known for its several pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial activity. More than 300 compositions have already been isolated & azadirachtin is its main active component.
AI Tools and the Evolution in Medical Writing
Medical writing takes complicated scientific and clinical information and turns it into clear, organised documents that can be read by wide range of people, such as healthcare professionals, regulatory bodies, and the general public. It has its roots in ancient manuscripts and has changed over time as scientific publishing has grown. Medical writers today write regulatory submissions, research article, and educational materials. They are very important for good communication and compliance in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Artificial intelligence is reshaping health care communication at an unprecedented pace. AI- powered Chabot and language models simplify complex medical information, boost patient engagement, and offer personalized responses, improving understanding and compliance. Healthcare organizations are increasingly adopting AI for patient conversation, reporting faster resolutions, higher satisfaction, and fewer complaints. As Ai continuous to evolve, it empowers healthcare providers and patients alike, making communication more accessible, efficient, and tailored to individual needs. The review examine how artificial intelligence is shaping medical writing It examines how AI technologies-ranging from natural language processing (NLP) models and machine learning writing, including literature review, data interpretation, manuscript drafting, and regulatory documentation. The review covers the integration of AI in both academic and industry and quality assurance measures. Special emphasis is place on the evolving role of the medical writer in the era of AI, the discussion highlights the potential for human - AI collaboration, and outlines future directions for its responsible implementation in clinical and scientific communication.
Virtual Clinical Trails and Reshaping Research Delivery
The global clinical research is transforming with the integration of digital technologies and giving rise to Virtual Clinical Trials (VCT). This system allows participants to engage remotely through technology rather than traditional site based trails. By giving them flexible, patient centric approach to drug development and collection of data. In covid-19 pandemic time, this way of conducting the trails has gained significant attention, where physical interaction between the patient and clinical trial co-ordinator is neglected. And also during the pandemic time different terms are used in different jurisdictions including teletrials, networked trails, digital trails and decentralized clinical trials (DCT). Virtual clinical trials also use variety of tools that include Electronic informed consent(eConsent), Remote monitoring devices, mobile health applications, telemedicine etc. These technologies are mainly used for transmission of real-time data, reducing the need for in-person visits while involving in data collection, patient adherence, and overall trail efficiency. Virtual clinical trials are mainly involving in following the guidelines that are issued by authorities like the Food and drug administration (FDA), European medicine agency (EMA), International council for harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use(ICH). However, to ensure trail integrity and participant safety the challenges such as data privacy, platform interoperability, cyber security, validation of digital endpoints must be carefully addressed. To ensure equitable access to virtual research platforms, especially in developing countries, there is a need for robust digital infrastructure. For combining both the virtual and in-person components, the pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations are increasingly investing in hybrid models.
The Changing Face of Drug Development, Trends and Challenges
Drug development remains a lengthy, costly, and high-risk endeavour, typically spanning 10–15 years and requiring approximately $2.6 billion in capitalized expenditure per approved therapy, a figure that does not account for the substantial variation across therapeutic areas. Traditional discovery methods, while historically impactful, suffer from low efficiency and high attrition rates. In response, a transformative shift is underway, fuelled by breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI), gene and RNA therapeutics, decentralized clinical trials, and real-world evidence. AI and machine learning are revolutionizing key early-stage processes, including target identification, virtual screening, predictive toxicology, and adaptive trial designs, which help reduce cycle times by up to 18% and propel multiple compounds into clinical evaluation. Although no AI-designed drug has reached the market yet. CRISPR, CAR‑T, and mRNA therapeutics, principally driven by pandemic-era successes, are redefining treatment possibilities for genetic and infectious diseases. Parallel technical advances in digital health have enabled decentralized clinical trials, incorporating telemedicine, wearable sensors, and real-time data capture, enhancing efficiency and patient inclusion. Likewise, the integration of real-world evidence from electronic health records and patient-reported outcomes is enhancing regulatory decision-making and post-market safety assessments. However, this progress brings significant challenges: regulatory frameworks are struggling to adapt across jurisdictions; biologics manufacturing remains expensive and complex; data privacy and cybersecurity concerns are growing; and scalability risks widening global health disparities. Additionally, the recruitment of diverse and representative patient populations continues to be a major hurdle.
Role of Pharmacologist in Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs
Pharmacologists serve a critical and all-too-often unsung role in the process of getting new medicines to patients. From early-stage clinical trials through ultimate regulatory approval, they are the key that connects science to policy. Through their insight into how medicines act within the body through pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety they assist in designing and directing clinical studies that generate reliable, relevant data. Pharmacologists fill this gap with a combination of scientific acumen and regulatory savvy. Pharmacologists in regulatory affairs transform cutting-edge scientific data into clear, accurate submissions that meet international health authorities’ standards. They assist in having a common language, so that researchers, clinicians, and regulators are all on the same page. Not only do they accelerate the approval process, but they also serve to enhance patient safety and maintain global standards. By doing so, pharmacologists are not merely scientists strategic allies in providing safe, effective and innovative therapies to the globe.
Next Generation Bio Tech Innovations: Shaping the Future of Health Care
Recent advances in biotechnology are transforming healthcare through innovations such as CRISPR gene editing, synthetic biology, mRNA technology, AI-driven drug discovery, and microbiome therapeutics. These breakthroughs are enhancing early diagnosis, enabling personalized treatments, and reshaping clinical outcomes. In agriculture and industry, biotechnology contributes to increased crop resilience and sustainable biomanufacturing, though concerns over biodiversity loss and ecological impact persist. Ethical, social, and regulatory challenges including genetic data privacy, equitable access, and social justice must be carefully navigated. In emerging economies, biotechnology offers significant potential when paired with well-designed drug formularies, strong regulatory frameworks, and public-private collaboration. Education, intellectual property policy, and capacity-building are key to ensuring responsible innovation. Integrating traditional medicine with modern biotech approaches may further enhance healthcare delivery. However, disparities in access and uneven infrastructure may hinder progress in low-resource settings. Proactive global cooperation is essential to bridge these gaps and support inclusive innovation. Ultimately, biotechnology must be guided by ethical foresight and collaborative governance to ensure it serves humanity and the planet equitably.
Current and Emerging Roles of Nano pharmacology in Cancer Therapy
Nano pharmacology, a field that merges nanotechnology with pharmacological science, is significantly reshaping cancer treatment by introducing more precise, effective, and individualized therapeutic strategies. This review examines the current landscape and future directions of nano pharmacological methods in oncology, with particular focus on their contributions to drug delivery, diagnostic tools, and treatment modalities. Engineered nanoparticles including liposomes, dendrites, silica-based carriers, and gold-coated Nano shells have demonstrated the ability to enhance drug solubility, minimize adverse systemic effects, and improve localization of anticancer agents. Technological progress in this area has also impacted modalities such as radiation, immune-based treatments, and gene-targeting therapies, employing both passive and active targeting techniques, intelligent drug release systems, and improved navigation through biological barriers. Additionally, nanoscale technologies like quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and autonomous nanodevices have shown promise in early tumor identification and real-time monitoring of therapeutic responses. As the biological understanding of cancer deepens, nano pharmacology offers a flexible and innovative framework to address challenges such as drug resistance, low therapeutic efficacy, and the demand for personalized treatment regimens. With ongoing scientific progress, this discipline is poised to become a foundational element in the evolution of precision cancer care
Seizure Control: Exploring new therapies and technologies
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, marked by sudden episodes of seizures, disturbances, and abnormal electrical activity in the brain which results from the excessive release /discharge of cortical neurons. Even though there is a wide availability of anti-seizure/anti-epileptic or anticonvulsants therapy, 30% of patients with epilepsy experience retain of seizures and some with comorbidities, risk of premature death. This review will cover the points regarding new therapies (pharmacological and non pharmacological) and technologies for seizure control. This review explores emerging pharmacological therapies such as selective ion channel modulators, neurosteroids, anti-inflammatory agents, and genetic and epigenetic-targeted treatments that offer improved efficacy and fewer adverse effects. Additionally, non-pharmacological interventions including vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have shown promise in patients unresponsive to traditional medications. Dietary therapies such as the ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index therapy have also demonstrated success in specific epilepsy syndromes. Recent advances in neurotechnology and computational tools, particularly machine learning algorithms, wearable seizure detection devices, and predictive brain mapping, have further enhanced our understanding of seizure patterns and patient-specific triggers. These innovations hold potential for real-time seizure prediction and individualized treatment planning.
Formulation, Evaluation, and Optimization of Viloxazine-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles in In-Situ Gel for Nose-to-Brain Delivery in the Effective Management of Depression
Depression is a debilitating mental health disorder that necessitates innovative drug delivery strategies for effective management. This study focuses on developing and optimizing viloxazine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles incorporated into an in-situ gel for nose-to-brain delivery to enhance therapeutic outcomes. VXCN-NPs were prepared using the ionic gelation method and optimized using a Box-Behnken statistical design. The optimized formulation demonstrated a mean particle size of 160 nm, entrapment efficiency of 70.1%, and a PDI of 0.4, ensuring uniformity and stability. The in-situ gel system exhibited optimal pH (5.58), viscosity (65.4 cps), and gelation temperature (31.4 °C), making it suitable for nasal administration. In-vitro release and ex-vivo permeation studies revealed sustained drug release and enhanced permeation through nasal mucosa, achieving an 82% cumulative drug permeation over 8 hours. Stability studies confirmed the formulation's robustness under standard storage conditions for three months. This novel VXCN-NPs in-situ gel system effectively bypasses the blood-brain barrier, enhancing drug bioavailability and minimizing systemic side effects, thereby presenting a promising platform for nose-to-brain delivery in the treatment of depression and other central nervous system disorders.
Exploring Zoonotic Diseases: Bridging the Gap Between Animals and Human Health
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. Zoonotic diseases are infections, which are transmitted through zoonotic pathogens from animals to human beings. Almost more than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. A wide variety of pathogens like Bacteria, fungi. Viruses, protozoa, parasites are included. Some of the factors like urbanization, change in climate, animal migrations, trade travel, vector biology etc are greatly influenced. We also highlight about the infections like Corona virus (COVID-19) and Nipah virus, in this Bats are the main reservoir for this virus, which can cause disease in humans and animals. Currently there is no effective of therapeutics, supportive care and prevention are the mainstays of management. As we review about the etiology of major zoonotic diseases and their impact on human health. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
Recent Advances In Breast Cancer And Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Prediction And Diagnosis
Breast cancer is still the most common cancer in women around the world, but research in biology, screening, and treatment is moving quickly. In the last five years, progress in molecular biology (like genomic profiling and the development of targeted therapies) and detection technologies (like 3D imaging) have made care more personalized and improved outcomes. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI), which includes traditional machine learning, deep learning, and radiomics, has become a powerful tool for predicting and diagnosing breast cancer. AI can find patterns in large imaging and molecular datasets that are too small for people to see. AI-driven algorithms have been shown to work as well as or better than human experts in breast imaging techniques like mammography, ultrasound, MRI, digital breast tomosynthesis, and thermography, as well as in digital pathology (1,2). We look at these changes from both a global and an Indian point of view: India has a lot of problems because the disease starts at a young age. This has led to new screening methods like AI-enabled thermography. We also talk about issues with data quality, how to make it fit into clinical workflow, ethics and regulations, and we give an overview of where we want to go in the future with clinical deployment. This review is set up to talk about (1) new developments in breast cancer biology and treatment, (2) traditional and AI-enabled detection and screening, (3) how AI is used in certain imaging and pathology methods, (4) how AI compares to traditional methods, (5) problems and future directions, with a focus on global statistics and the Indian experience
Elevated Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Biomarker for Stroke: A Review
Stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with inflammation playing a crucial role in its pathophysiology and prognosis. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a readily available and cost-effective biomarker, has emerged as a potential predictor of short-term mortality in stroke patients. This review explores the role of NLR in stroke, its underlying mechanisms, its prognostic significance, and its potential application in clinical practice. Moreover, NLR has been shown to predict functional impairment at 90 days post-stroke. This biomarker’s simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and easy accessibility make it an attractive tool for early risk stratification in stroke patients. However, variability in NLR cutoff values and the influence of confounding factors highlight the need for further research. Standardized NLR thresholds and prospective studies are essential to establish its utility in clinical decision-making. This review also explores the potential for therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating NLR as a means to improve stroke outcomes