International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research
The International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research (IJPHR) is a peer-reviewed, Quarterly official international journal allowing access to abstracts and full-text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences, Health care, Public health and other related multi disciplines. Multi - Disciplines follows: Pharmacotherapy, Drug delivery systems, Drug Analysis, Hospital Pharmacy, Chemical Moieties, Pharmacology, Docking studies, Clinical studies, Traditional medicines, Immunology, Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear medicines, Nursing, Microbiology, Biotechnology, Industrial trials, Physiotherapy, Psychotherapy, Ophthalmology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Environmental and occupational health, Community medicine, Endermologie, Epidemiology and biostatistics, Human nutrition, Reproductive health, Health service management, Health informatics, Sociology & Social works, Biomedical engineering sciences, Molecular biology, Natural & computational sciences, Veterinary medicines, Plant biological studies. ISSN: 2306 - 6091 International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research seeks to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, pharmaceutical industries and healthcare sector as well as provide an international forum for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and opinions in pharmaceutical sciences and other related inter multi disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal particularly welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance. All manuscripts will be subjected to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not already under consideration for publication) will be published without delay.
Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Breast Cancer Therapy: Advances in Nanomedicine
Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, despite significant advances in early detection and systemic therapy. Conventional chemotherapy is often limited by poor tumor selectivity, dose-limiting toxicity, multidrug resistance, and inadequate intracellular drug accumulation. Targeted drug delivery systems enabled by nanomedicine have emerged as a transformative strategy to overcome these barriers by improving pharmacokinetics, enhancing tumor localization, and enabling molecularly guided therapy. This review critically examines the design principles, mechanistic foundations, and translational progress of nanotechnology-based targeted drug delivery systems for breast cancer therapy. Passive targeting through the enhanced permeability and retention effect and active targeting using ligand–receptor interactions are discussed in relation to tumor microenvironment heterogeneity, vascular permeability, and cellular internalization pathways. Major nanocarrier platforms, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, inorganic nanostructures, and biomimetic systems, are analyzed with respect to drug loading capacity, release kinetics, biocompatibility, and clinical scalability. Particular attention is given to receptor-specific targeting strategies directed against HER2, estrogen receptors, folate receptors, and CD44, as well as emerging stimuli-responsive and theranostic systems. Recent preclinical and clinical evidence highlights meaningful improvements in therapeutic index, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced treatment personalization. Remaining challenges related to immunogenicity, manufacturing reproducibility, regulatory pathways, and long-term safety are critically evaluated. Overall, nanomedicine-based targeted delivery offers a compelling pathway toward precision breast cancer therapy and supports the continued integration of advanced materials science with molecular oncology for improved patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Overview on
In traditional medicine, Celosia cristata (Family: Amaranthaceous) is frequently used to treat a variety of illnesses. Because the blossom resembles the head of a rooster (cock), Celosia cristata, a member of the genus Celosia, is frequently referred to as cockscomb. Numerous delicate components were separated from various plant sections. The plant exhibited a variety of pharmacological actions, according to current research. This review discussed Celosia cristata's pharmacological properties and chemical components.
Surgical and Non-Surgical Strategies in Intervention of Orthopedics
Orthopedic interventions encompass a broad range of surgical and non-surgical approaches designed to diagnose, manage, and treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of current orthopedic practices, focusing on advancements in surgical techniques, bio-materials, minimally invasive procedures, and postoperative rehabilitation strategies. The article synthesizes findings from recent clinical studies and meta-analyses to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes of common orthopedic interventions such as joint arthroscopy, fracture fixation, spinal surgery, and arthroscopy. Emerging technologies, including computer-assisted navigation and biological, are also discussed for their potential to enhance surgical precision and patient recovery. By critically analyzing the literature, this review aims to inform clinical decision-making, identify gaps in current research, and propose directions for future investigation in the evolving field of orthopedic care.
Artificial Intelligence–Enabled Pharmacovigilance: A New Paradigm in Drug Safety Surveillance
Pharmacovigilance (PV) has historically relied on manual intake and clinical review of spontaneous adverse event reports, constrained by under-reporting, variable data quality, duplicate cases, and operational latency. Over the last decade, the digitalization of Individual Case Safety Reports (ICSRs) and the maturation of machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and “augmented intelligence” workflows have enabled a shift from document-centric, manual processing toward data-centric, semi-automated surveillance. This review synthesizes the evolution from manual safety reporting to AI-enabled PV across the ICSR lifecycle: intake and triage, data extraction and normalization, coding (MedDRA/WHO Drug), case processing and medical assessment support, duplicate detection, signal detection and validation, and regulatory submission. We summarize the enabling regulatory/technical standards (e.g., ICH E2B (R3), EMA GVP), global surveillance ecosystems (FAERS, EudraVigilance, VigiBase), and contemporary guidance (e.g., CIOMS Working Group XIV) that shape responsible AI adoption. We present publication-ready tables describing (i) the PV technology timeline, (ii) AI methods mapped to PV tasks with validation metrics and risks, and (iii) an implementation governance checklist. A figure proposes an end-to-end AI-enabled PV operating model with human oversight and audit ability. We conclude that the most durable value arises from targeted automation (coding, extraction, prioritization) combined with robust governance data quality management, bias monitoring, explain ability, and continuous performance verification rather than full replacement of expert judgment.
Immunometabolism: Linking Cellular Energy Pathways with Immune Responses in Health and Disease
Immunometabolism, the interdisciplinary nexus between cellular metabolism and immune regulation, has emerged as a pivotal field in understanding how metabolic cues shape immune cell fate, function, and pathogenicity. Beyond merely supporting energy demands, metabolic pathways actively reprogram immune cells by modulating signaling cascades, transcriptional networks, and epigenetic landscapes. During immune activation, immune cells dynamically transition between metabolic states, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and glutaminolysis, to meet distinct functional requirements. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in chronic inflammation, autoimmune disorders, cancer progression, metabolic syndromes, and infectious diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies, metabolomics, and imaging have expanded our understanding of how nutrient availability and metabolic checkpoints govern immunity. Moreover, therapeutic targeting of immunometabolic pathways, ranging from glycolytic inhibition to mitochondrial bioenergetic enhancement, offers promising interventions for diverse clinical conditions, including cancer immunotherapy and metabolic inflammatory diseases. This review consolidates current insights into the metabolic regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, emphasizing physiological homeostasis and pathological alterations, while also exploring emerging translational opportunities in immunometabolic therapeutics.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Care Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION FOR ASSAY OF ALPROSTADIL BY HPLC USING INTERNAL STANDARD
An isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the assay of Alprostadil using an Internal Standard. The successful separation of from its synthetic impurities and degradation products formed under stress conditions was achieved using 4.6mm x 25cm, Packing L1 or equivalent maintained at 25°C with a mobile phase of Methanol, acetonitrile and 0.1 M mono basic potassium phosphate (2:1:2) adjust with phosphoric acid to pH of 3.0. The mobile phase flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 200 nm. The developed HPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. The developed HPLC method to determine the assay of alprostadil can be used to evaluate the quality of regular production samples. It can be also used to test the stability samples of Alprostadil.
A Review on Comprehensive Comparative Study about Kefir, Yogurt, Buttermilk with their Health Benefits
Fermented milk products have played an integral role in human nutrition across cultures for centuries. Among the most widely consumed are kefir, yogurt, and buttermilk, each possessing unique microbial compositions, fermentation processes, sensory characteristics, and health benefits. This paper presents a comparative study of kefir, yogurt, and buttermilk, examining their origins, production methods, physicochemical properties, nutritional profiles, microbial diversity, and therapeutic implications. The analysis also considers their commercial and cultural significance and highlights the growing interest in probiotic-rich functional foods. Findings suggest that while all three share fundamental probiotic benefits, kefir demonstrates the highest microbial diversity and strongest potential for gastrointestinal and immune health, while yogurt and buttermilk retain distinctive advantages in texture, taste, and culinary versatility.
The Power of Data: How Clinical Data Management Shapes Modern Clinical Research
Clinical Data Management (CDM) plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and integrity of data collected during clinical trials. As clinical research expands globally and generates large volumes of data, CDM provides a structured process for data collection, validation, cleaning, and storage. The use of Electronic Data Capture (EDC) systems, cloud platforms, and automated validation tools has improved efficiency, reduced errors, and enabled real-time monitoring. CDM ensures that clinical trial data is compliant with regulatory standards such as ICH-GCP, FDA 21 CFR Part 11, and CDISC guidelines, which promote data traceability and patient confidentiality. By supporting high-quality data, CDM strengthens scientific conclusions and facilitates faster regulatory approvals. Moreover, advancements such as artificial intelligence and decentralized trial designs further enhance data accuracy and patient accessibility. Overall, CDM transforms raw clinical data into meaningful evidence, aiding drug development decisions, improving patient safety, and contributing significantly to modern healthcare innovation.
Formulation and Evaluation of Paclitaxel Controlled Release Tablets
The aim of the present study was to develop Paclitaxel controlled release tablets to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 12 hrs. Carbopol974P, Xanthan Gum and HPMC K 15M were used as polymers. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters such as Bulk Density, Tapped Density, Carrs Index, Hausners Ratio, Angle of Repose, Weight Variation, Hardness, Thickness, Friability and Drug Content. From the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation F5 showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e., 99.16 % in 12 hours. It contains the Xanthan Gum as polymer. It followed peppas order release kinetics.
Formulation and in Vitro Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Amisulpride Using Novel Super Disintegrants
The present investigation was aimed at the formulation and in vitro evaluation of mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) of Amisulpride using novel super disintegrants to enhance patient compliance and improve the drug’s onset of action. Amisulpride, an atypical antipsychotic agent, suffers from drawbacks such as delayed dissolution and swallowing difficulties in conventional dosage forms, making MDTs a suitable alternative. Various formulations were prepared by direct compression method using different concentrations of novel super disintegrants. The prepared tablets were evaluated for pre-compression parameters (angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio) and post-compression parameters (hardness, friability, weight variation, wetting time, disintegration time, drug content, and in vitro dissolution studies). The results revealed that all formulations complied with pharmacopeial limits. Among the developed batches, the optimized formulation exhibited a minimum disintegration time, rapid wetting time, and maximum drug release within a short period, demonstrating the effectiveness of the selected super disintegrants. The incorporation of novel super disintegrants significantly enhanced the dissolution profile of Amisulpride compared to conventional formulations. In conclusion, the study established that mouth dissolving tablets of Amisulpride formulated with novel super disintegrants can serve as a promising dosage form, providing improved patient convenience, faster onset of therapeutic action, and enhanced bioavailability.
Formulation and Evaluation of Duloxetine Hydrochloride Enteric Coated Tablets
Objective of the current study is to develop colon targeted drug delivery systems for Duloxetine Hydrochloride. Sodium alginate and Carbopol 940 is used as polymers in this drug delivery system. The colon targeted tablet was prepared by direct compression technique. Study of the preformulation characteristics and FTIR studies indicates that there was no interaction between Duloxetine Hydrochloride and excipients used. The formulated tablets were tested for both pre-compression parameters and post compression parameters as per requirements of standards. Pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio and compressibility index. The results obtained indicate that it has good flow property for direct compression. From among the entire batches, formulation F4 showed 98.81% drug release at 24 hrs. Since it provide greater protection to the core under acidic condition while at the same time show the fastest drug release under intestinal pH. So the trial F4 was considered as best formulation.
Formulation and Evaluation of Immediate-Release Tablets of Cenobamate
The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate immediate-release (IR) tablets of Cenobamate, an anticonvulsant drug, to enhance its bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Cenobamate, being poorly soluble in water, poses formulation challenges. Various excipients and approaches were employed to improve the drug's solubility and facilitate its rapid release. Immediate-release tablet formulations were prepared using direct compression, incorporating different concentrations of superdisintegrants Crospovidine (CP) , Croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and Sodium starch glycolate (SSG)) and fillers microcrystalline cellulose to optimize disintegration time, dissolution rate, and drug release profile. The tablets were characterized by physical parameters such as hardness, friability, weight variation, and content uniformity. In vitro dissolution studies were conducted to assess the release characteristics of cenobamate tablets, aiming for a rapid release in the first 30 minutes. The formulated tablets met pharmacopoeial standards for uniformity of weight, content, and dissolution, with a marked improvement in drug release compared to conventional tablet forms. The results indicated that the immediate-release cenobamate tablets have the potential to provide rapid onset of action, contributing to more efficient management of seizure disorders. This formulation offers an effective approach to enhance the bioavailability and clinical performance of cenobamate for better therapeutic outcomes.
Development and in-Vitro Evaluation of Raltegravir Sustain Release Tablets
The present study focuses on the development and in-vitro evaluation of sustained release tablets of Raltegravir, an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment of HIV. The aim was to enhance therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance by reducing the frequency of drug administration through sustained drug release. Various formulations were prepared using different polymers, among which Karya gum was selected as the natural polymer for sustained release. A total of several batches was formulated, and formulation R4, containing 100 mg of Karya gum, was found to be the optimized batch based on evaluation parameters. All pre-compression and post-compression parameters, including hardness, friability, weight variation, and drug content, were within acceptable limits. In-vitro dissolution studies revealed that formulation R4 exhibited a sustained drug release of 99.57% over a period of 12 hours. The drug release kinetics of the optimized formulation followed a sustained release pattern, indicating its potential in maintaining consistent plasma levels and improving therapeutic outcomes. Hence, R4 formulation using Karya gum can be considered a promising sustained release system for Raltegravir.
The Future of Drug Safety: AI-Driven Detection and Prediction of Adverse Drug Reactions
Pharmacovigilance (PV) is pivotal in ensuring drug safety and minimizing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). With the growing complexity of drug development, rising ADR-related morbidity, and the proliferation of real-world and digital health data, traditional PV systems face significant challenges, including underreporting, signal latency, and heterogeneous data integration. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) offer transformative potential to enhance ADR detection, signal management, and personalized risk prediction. This review explores the evolution of pharmacovigilance, from early frameworks to modern AI-enabled systems, examining core concepts, regulatory landscapes, and the integration of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, and predictive modeling into PV practice. The study also evaluates digital data sources such as electronic health records, social media, and real-world evidence, highlighting AI-driven tools for real-time surveillance and automated signal detection. Ethical, legal, and regulatory considerations, along with challenges in implementation, transparency, and data quality, are discussed. Finally, emerging technologies including multi-omics integration, blockchain, digital twins, and predictive pharmacovigilance in drug development are considered, emphasizing the shift from reactive to proactive drug safety monitoring. This comprehensive analysis underscores the opportunities and future directions for AI in improving patient safety and advancing global pharmacovigilance systems.
Hydrodynamically Balanced Systems using Famotidine: Influence of natural and synthetic polymers
This study focuses on the development and evaluation of floating sustained-release tablets of Famotidine using the Hydrodynamically Balanced System (HBS) approach to prolong gastric retention and enhance bioavailability for the management of peptic and duodenal ulcers. Floating tablets were formulated via wet granulation employing both synthetic (HPMC 15cps, HPMC 100M, Carbopol) and natural polymers (Chitosan, Psyllium husk), along with gas-generating agents to achieve buoyancy. All prepared formulations were assessed for drug-polymer compatibility, pre-compression parameters, and post-compression characteristics, including in-vitro buoyancy and drug release. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the compatibility between Famotidine and the polymers. The synthetic polymer-based formulations demonstrated superior performance compared to those with natural polymers. Among all, formulation SPF5, containing HPMC 15cps, was identified as the optimized batch. It exhibited an excellent floating lag time of 15 seconds, a total floating time of over 23 hours, a high swelling index (68.38%), and sustained drug release over 12 hours in simulated gastric fluid. The drug release from SPF5 followed zero-order kinetics (R²=0.964) and the Higuchi model, indicating a diffusion-based, Non-Fickian release mechanism. Stability studies confirmed the formulation's robustness over time. In conclusion, the successful development of Famotidine HBS tablets presents a promising strategy for controlled drug delivery, offering improved therapeutic efficacy over conventional dosage forms.
AI Language Models in Pharmaceutical R&D: Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations
The integration of AI language models such as GPT, BERT, and other transformer-based systems is transforming pharmaceutical R&D by enhancing drug discovery, clinical trial design, regulatory documentation, and pharmacovigilance through automation of literature mining, protocol drafting, and safety reporting. Their ability to analyze vast unstructured data accelerates decision-making and shortens time-to-market for new therapies. However, adoption in regulated pharma environments faces challenges including lack of harmonized validation guidelines, risks of data hallucination, limited transparency, and compliance uncertainties due to the absence of specific frameworks from regulatory bodies like the FDA, EMA, and ICH. Ethical concerns such as algorithmic bias, patient data privacy, and accountability further complicate deployment. To overcome these issues, hybrid human-AI workflows, explainable AI (XAI), and ethical oversight are recommended, along with domain-specific model training, risk-based regulatory classifications, and global harmonization of standards. Ultimately, the future of AI in pharma depends on balancing innovation with compliance to ensure patient safety, equity, and trust.
Comparative Study of New Drug Application Procedure in US, EU and India
This topic aims at reviewing the drug filing and different aspects of obtaining United States Food & Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval for a drug in order to get a Marketing Authorization in US & Europe and their effective role in improving the standards laid down by them. All new / generic drug products must be approved by the respective regulatory agency governing the respective market before a particular product can be introduced into the market. By law, all new drugs must first be shown to be safe and effective before they can be approved by the respective regulatory agency for marketing. USFDA is the regulatory agency which is responsible for safety regulation of the food and drug products in US. EMA is the regulatory agency decentralized body which is responsible for safety regulation of the food and drug products in Europe. Drug approval process in USFDA involves submitting of an Investigational New Drug Application, followed by submission of New Drug Application. The applications are reviewed and agency officials examine the drug’s safety and efficacy data and the drug is approved. EU establishes 4 different drug approval processes: 1) Centralized Procedure 2) Decentralized Procedure 3) National Procedure 4) Mutual Recognition Procedure.
Review and Approval Procedures for Promotional Materials
A survey study was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to examine current drug promotional practices and assess how promotional material gifts influence prescribing behavior. A total of 200 health professionals participated, including 100 drug promoters and 100 drug prescribers from both public and private institutions. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and supported by secondary sources. Findings revealed that most respondents preferred prescribing by generic name rather than brand name. Almost all promoters (99%) had contacted prescribers, and 97% of both groups believed promotional materials provided full and relevant drug information. While most participants agreed that promotion and material gifts are necessary, they felt the monetary value of such gifts should remain small. The study concluded that promotional activities accompanied by material gifts significantly influence prescribing behavior, particularly in private institutions. These findings highlight the need for stricter regulation and ethical oversight of drug promotion in Ethiopia to prevent biased prescribing and rising medication costs.
Challenges in Designing Anda for Parenteral Products
Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic approach that focuses on understanding and controlling product quality through the integration of scientific principles, risk management, and regulatory requirements. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the application of QbD principles in the development of parenteral drug formulations, which are administered via injections, infusions, or implants. Employing Quality by Design (QbD) during the development of parenteral drug formulations yields substantial advantages as it facilitates a thorough comprehension of the interplay amongst formulation variables, process parameters, and critical quality attributes (CQAs). By employing a proactive and science-based approach, manufacturers can optimize product quality, reduce batch failures, and enhance patient safety and efficacy. The QbD approach in parenteral drug formulations involves several key elements. The first step is to identify and define the Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) that are crucial to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the drug product. These attributes include parameters such as potency, purity, stability, and drug release profiles. Secondly, QbD encourages the establishment of a design space, which defines the acceptable ranges of formulation and process parameters that ensure product quality within the desired CQA specifications. Furthermore, QbD promotes a lifecycle approach, encompassing the entire product lifecycle from development to post-approval changes. This involves continuous process verification, ongoing monitoring of product performance, and the implementation of quality control strategies to ensure consistency and reliability. In conclusion, the application of QbD principles in parenteral drug formulations offers a robust and science-based approach to ensure product quality, safety, and efficacy. By leveraging these principles, manufacturers can optimize formulations, control critical parameters, and enhance process.
Role of ICH in Harmonizing Drug Regulations
The International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is a project that brings together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the United States and experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration. Harmonisation of regulatory requirements was initiated by the European Community (EC), in the 1980s, the EC moved towards the development of a single market for pharmaceuticals. ICH regulatory authorities are among the first to evaluate new chemical entities and new products obtained from biotechnology. ICH provides various guidelines which are categorised into four category, Quality guidelines, safety guidelines, efficacy guidelines and multidisciplinary guidelines. These guideline give special concern for the patient population, large-scale human clinical trials lasting up to one year can begin in the absence of completed carcinogenicity studies in rodents.
International Regulatory Framework (IRF)
This study examines whether companies can comply with corporate reporting laws using de facto standards such as the International Integrated Reporting Framework (IRF) to meet the requirements of Directive 2014/95/EU on non-financial and diversity disclosure. An interpretivist research approach was adopted, using secondary data from professional reports, regulatory publications, and corporate registers. Findings reveal that for a private framework to achieve de facto standard status, it must gain strong regulatory endorsement and support from influential policymakers to ensure national-level adoption and diffusion. Without such backing, voluntary reporting frameworks struggle to become widely accepted. The study highlights that current practices often prioritize financial value creation and stock market capitalism over social and environmental sustainability, limiting their broader societal impact. It questions the continued relevance of both the IRF and the EU Directive in the post-COVID-19 era, emphasizing the need for reporting systems that move beyond compliance façades toward genuine accountability and sustainable value creation.
Hydrogel Systems for Clinical Research emerging trends in Therapeutics
This abstract summarizes current trends in hydrogel design and translational strategies that are advancing clinical research in therapeutics. It emphasizes responsive chemistries, device–drug combination pathways, and application niches with promising near-term clinical applications. Hydrogels are water-based polymer networks that can change their mechanical and transport properties. In the last ten years, they have quickly moved from research labs to real-world applications. Hydrogels are useful for several purposes: they can provide localized drug delivery, act as carriers for cells and genes, and serve as scaffolds for healing wounds and regenerating tissues. They are also effective in transdermal microneedle systems, which allow for painless drug administration. Hydrogels are becoming important platforms in clinical settings, effectively connecting biologics, small molecules, and cell therapies. They are particularly useful for local treatments, chronic wound repair, osteoarticular injections, and minimally invasive vaccine delivery. Early strategic engagement on chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) as well as regulatory pathways for combination products, along with the design of imaging-enabled endpoints, will help accelerate first-in-human studies and enhance the therapeutic impact.
Predictive Biopharmaceutics. Role of In-silico models in Drug Development
Predictive biopharmaceutics has become a vital tool in contemporary drug development, offering a theoretical framework to predict drug candidates' In- vivo performance based on their formulation and physicochemical properties. Predictive biopharmaceutics speeds up decision-making and lessens the cost of experiments by incorporating computational techniques to enable early identification of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles. Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, and molecular simulations are examples of in-silico models that are essential to this paradigm. These models provide highly accurate predictions of drug solubility, permeability, dissolution, and bioavailability under a variety of physiological circumstances. Using In-silico methods and predictive biopharmaceutics reduces late-stage failures while promoting cost-effectiveness, regulatory acceptance, and logical formulation design. When used in tandem, these instruments are transforming the drug development process by bridging the gap between clinical results and laboratory results, ultimately guaranteeing patients safer and more effective treatments.
Next Generation Biopharmaceutics Bridging Molecular Design with Clinical Success
Drug discovery and development remain lengthy and costly, often requiring over a decade and billions of dollars per approved therapy, with high attrition rates in clinical trials. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming this landscape by enabling predictive modelling, virtual screening, and generative molecular design. Techniques such as deep learning architectures (CNNs, RNNs and transformer models) and generative frameworks (GANs, VAEs, reinforcement learning) are accelerating drug–target interaction prediction, de novo compound generation, and optimization of biologics. These innovations significantly reduce development timelines, improve candidate selection, and enhance reliability compared to traditional trial-and-error methods. Integration of AI with organ-on-chip systems, biomarker-guided study designs, and digital simulations further bridges preclinical research with clinical translation. By fostering model-informed and data-driven development, next-generation biopharmaceutics emphasizes precision, safety, and cost-effectiveness. While regulatory, ethical, and technical challenges persist, AI-driven pipelines are poised to deliver a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical sciences, ensuring faster bench-to-bedside translation and shaping the future of personalized medicine.
Breast Cancer Management: Integrating Genomics, Targeted Therapy, and Immuno-Oncology
Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, contributing substantially to cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women. Over the past two decades, advances in genomics, molecular profiling, and translational oncology have transformed breast cancer management from a conventional, histology-driven approach to one increasingly guided by precision medicine. The integration of genomic technologies has enabled the identification of actionable mutations, predictive biomarkers, and molecular subtypes that inform both prognosis and therapeutic decision-making. Targeted therapies, particularly those directed against HER2, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, and cyclin-dependent kinases, have reshaped the therapeutic landscape by improving survival outcomes and minimizing systemic toxicity. More recently, immuno-oncology strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapies, and cancer vaccines, have expanded therapeutic possibilities, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a traditionally hard-to-treat subtype. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of breast cancer management, focusing on the integration of genomics, targeted therapy, and immuno-oncology within clinical practice. It highlights current standards of care, key molecular insights, translational research, and ongoing clinical trials while also emphasizing future perspectives for achieving durable responses and personalized cancer therapy.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Drugs in the Management of Hospital-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
A basic, Exact, exact strategy was created for the concurrent assessment of the Ceftolozane and Tazobactam in drug dose structure. Chromatogram was gone through XTerra C18 (4.6 x 150mm, 5 μm molecule size). Portable stage containing Phosphate cradle and Acetonitrile in the proportion of 55:45 was siphoned through segment at a stream pace of 1ml/min. Support utilized at pH 4.6. Temperature was kept up with at Encompassing. Upgraded frequency for Ceftolozane and Tazobactam was 260 nm. Maintenance season of Ceftolozane and Tazobactam were viewed as 2.28 min and 3.62 min. The % virtue of Ceftolozane and Tazobactam was viewed as 100.5% and 101.2% individually. The framework appropriateness boundaries for Ceftolozane and Tazobactam, for example, hypothetical plates and following element were viewed as 2589.3, 5419.7, 1.11 and 1.34. The goal was viewed as 8.0. The linearity study for Ceftolozane and Tazobactam connection coefficient (r2) was viewed as 0.999 and 0.999, % mean recuperation was viewed as 100.1% and 100.4%, %RSD for repeatability was 1.2 and 0.60, % RSD for moderate accuracy was 1.48 and 0.82 separately. The accuracy study was exact, strong and repeatable. LOD esteem was 0.63 and 0.09, and LOQ esteem was 1.88 and 0.26respectively. The consequences of study showed that the proposed RP-HPLC strategy is a basic, exact, exact, tough, strong, quick and reproducible, which might be helpful for the normal assessment of Ceftolozane and Tazobactam in drug measurements structure.
Isolation and Analytical Characterization of Azadirachta Indica Seed Constituents Using Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy
To research neem and assess the impact of neem leaf extract in the forms of aqueous, ethanolic and methanol. several neem parts have yielded the isolation of over 140 compounds. There have been description of the entire neem tree, including the bark, leaves, flowers, seeds and furits in particular, inflammation, infection, fever, skin condition and dental issues. A simple thin layer chromatography digital image-based analytical methods has been developed for the quantitation of the botanical pesticides, azadirachtin. The method was validated by analyzing azadirachtin, process pesticide formulations, using acidifie vannilin reagent as a post chromatographic derivatizing agent. The separated azadirachtin was clearly identified as green spot. The Rf value was found 60 be 0.55, which is similar to reference standard. A standard calibration plot was established using a reference standard. A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct products. Chromatographic is the one of the best technique for separation. Paper chromatography is the simplest and faster technique. Paper chromatography as the name indicates it carried out on paper. A simple filter paper can be used for it. Different type of paper can also be used, it depending on solvent. It detection analyzed by visually. Fluorescence of substances using UV, enzymatic and microbiological methods. Neem(Azadirachta indica ) is an indian tree well known for its several pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial activity. More than 300 compositions have already been isolated & azadirachtin is its main active component.
AI Tools and the Evolution in Medical Writing
Medical writing takes complicated scientific and clinical information and turns it into clear, organised documents that can be read by wide range of people, such as healthcare professionals, regulatory bodies, and the general public. It has its roots in ancient manuscripts and has changed over time as scientific publishing has grown. Medical writers today write regulatory submissions, research article, and educational materials. They are very important for good communication and compliance in the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Artificial intelligence is reshaping health care communication at an unprecedented pace. AI- powered Chabot and language models simplify complex medical information, boost patient engagement, and offer personalized responses, improving understanding and compliance. Healthcare organizations are increasingly adopting AI for patient conversation, reporting faster resolutions, higher satisfaction, and fewer complaints. As Ai continuous to evolve, it empowers healthcare providers and patients alike, making communication more accessible, efficient, and tailored to individual needs. The review examine how artificial intelligence is shaping medical writing It examines how AI technologies-ranging from natural language processing (NLP) models and machine learning writing, including literature review, data interpretation, manuscript drafting, and regulatory documentation. The review covers the integration of AI in both academic and industry and quality assurance measures. Special emphasis is place on the evolving role of the medical writer in the era of AI, the discussion highlights the potential for human - AI collaboration, and outlines future directions for its responsible implementation in clinical and scientific communication.
Virtual Clinical Trails and Reshaping Research Delivery
The global clinical research is transforming with the integration of digital technologies and giving rise to Virtual Clinical Trials (VCT). This system allows participants to engage remotely through technology rather than traditional site based trails. By giving them flexible, patient centric approach to drug development and collection of data. In covid-19 pandemic time, this way of conducting the trails has gained significant attention, where physical interaction between the patient and clinical trial co-ordinator is neglected. And also during the pandemic time different terms are used in different jurisdictions including teletrials, networked trails, digital trails and decentralized clinical trials (DCT). Virtual clinical trials also use variety of tools that include Electronic informed consent(eConsent), Remote monitoring devices, mobile health applications, telemedicine etc. These technologies are mainly used for transmission of real-time data, reducing the need for in-person visits while involving in data collection, patient adherence, and overall trail efficiency. Virtual clinical trials are mainly involving in following the guidelines that are issued by authorities like the Food and drug administration (FDA), European medicine agency (EMA), International council for harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use(ICH). However, to ensure trail integrity and participant safety the challenges such as data privacy, platform interoperability, cyber security, validation of digital endpoints must be carefully addressed. To ensure equitable access to virtual research platforms, especially in developing countries, there is a need for robust digital infrastructure. For combining both the virtual and in-person components, the pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations are increasingly investing in hybrid models.
The Changing Face of Drug Development, Trends and Challenges
Drug development remains a lengthy, costly, and high-risk endeavour, typically spanning 10–15 years and requiring approximately $2.6 billion in capitalized expenditure per approved therapy, a figure that does not account for the substantial variation across therapeutic areas. Traditional discovery methods, while historically impactful, suffer from low efficiency and high attrition rates. In response, a transformative shift is underway, fuelled by breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI), gene and RNA therapeutics, decentralized clinical trials, and real-world evidence. AI and machine learning are revolutionizing key early-stage processes, including target identification, virtual screening, predictive toxicology, and adaptive trial designs, which help reduce cycle times by up to 18% and propel multiple compounds into clinical evaluation. Although no AI-designed drug has reached the market yet. CRISPR, CAR‑T, and mRNA therapeutics, principally driven by pandemic-era successes, are redefining treatment possibilities for genetic and infectious diseases. Parallel technical advances in digital health have enabled decentralized clinical trials, incorporating telemedicine, wearable sensors, and real-time data capture, enhancing efficiency and patient inclusion. Likewise, the integration of real-world evidence from electronic health records and patient-reported outcomes is enhancing regulatory decision-making and post-market safety assessments. However, this progress brings significant challenges: regulatory frameworks are struggling to adapt across jurisdictions; biologics manufacturing remains expensive and complex; data privacy and cybersecurity concerns are growing; and scalability risks widening global health disparities. Additionally, the recruitment of diverse and representative patient populations continues to be a major hurdle.
Role of Pharmacologist in Clinical Trials and Regulatory Affairs
Pharmacologists serve a critical and all-too-often unsung role in the process of getting new medicines to patients. From early-stage clinical trials through ultimate regulatory approval, they are the key that connects science to policy. Through their insight into how medicines act within the body through pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety they assist in designing and directing clinical studies that generate reliable, relevant data. Pharmacologists fill this gap with a combination of scientific acumen and regulatory savvy. Pharmacologists in regulatory affairs transform cutting-edge scientific data into clear, accurate submissions that meet international health authorities’ standards. They assist in having a common language, so that researchers, clinicians, and regulators are all on the same page. Not only do they accelerate the approval process, but they also serve to enhance patient safety and maintain global standards. By doing so, pharmacologists are not merely scientists strategic allies in providing safe, effective and innovative therapies to the globe.
Next Generation Bio Tech Innovations: Shaping the Future of Health Care
Recent advances in biotechnology are transforming healthcare through innovations such as CRISPR gene editing, synthetic biology, mRNA technology, AI-driven drug discovery, and microbiome therapeutics. These breakthroughs are enhancing early diagnosis, enabling personalized treatments, and reshaping clinical outcomes. In agriculture and industry, biotechnology contributes to increased crop resilience and sustainable biomanufacturing, though concerns over biodiversity loss and ecological impact persist. Ethical, social, and regulatory challenges including genetic data privacy, equitable access, and social justice must be carefully navigated. In emerging economies, biotechnology offers significant potential when paired with well-designed drug formularies, strong regulatory frameworks, and public-private collaboration. Education, intellectual property policy, and capacity-building are key to ensuring responsible innovation. Integrating traditional medicine with modern biotech approaches may further enhance healthcare delivery. However, disparities in access and uneven infrastructure may hinder progress in low-resource settings. Proactive global cooperation is essential to bridge these gaps and support inclusive innovation. Ultimately, biotechnology must be guided by ethical foresight and collaborative governance to ensure it serves humanity and the planet equitably.
Current and Emerging Roles of Nano pharmacology in Cancer Therapy
Nano pharmacology, a field that merges nanotechnology with pharmacological science, is significantly reshaping cancer treatment by introducing more precise, effective, and individualized therapeutic strategies. This review examines the current landscape and future directions of nano pharmacological methods in oncology, with particular focus on their contributions to drug delivery, diagnostic tools, and treatment modalities. Engineered nanoparticles including liposomes, dendrites, silica-based carriers, and gold-coated Nano shells have demonstrated the ability to enhance drug solubility, minimize adverse systemic effects, and improve localization of anticancer agents. Technological progress in this area has also impacted modalities such as radiation, immune-based treatments, and gene-targeting therapies, employing both passive and active targeting techniques, intelligent drug release systems, and improved navigation through biological barriers. Additionally, nanoscale technologies like quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and autonomous nanodevices have shown promise in early tumor identification and real-time monitoring of therapeutic responses. As the biological understanding of cancer deepens, nano pharmacology offers a flexible and innovative framework to address challenges such as drug resistance, low therapeutic efficacy, and the demand for personalized treatment regimens. With ongoing scientific progress, this discipline is poised to become a foundational element in the evolution of precision cancer care
Seizure Control: Exploring new therapies and technologies
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, marked by sudden episodes of seizures, disturbances, and abnormal electrical activity in the brain which results from the excessive release /discharge of cortical neurons. Even though there is a wide availability of anti-seizure/anti-epileptic or anticonvulsants therapy, 30% of patients with epilepsy experience retain of seizures and some with comorbidities, risk of premature death. This review will cover the points regarding new therapies (pharmacological and non pharmacological) and technologies for seizure control. This review explores emerging pharmacological therapies such as selective ion channel modulators, neurosteroids, anti-inflammatory agents, and genetic and epigenetic-targeted treatments that offer improved efficacy and fewer adverse effects. Additionally, non-pharmacological interventions including vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have shown promise in patients unresponsive to traditional medications. Dietary therapies such as the ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index therapy have also demonstrated success in specific epilepsy syndromes. Recent advances in neurotechnology and computational tools, particularly machine learning algorithms, wearable seizure detection devices, and predictive brain mapping, have further enhanced our understanding of seizure patterns and patient-specific triggers. These innovations hold potential for real-time seizure prediction and individualized treatment planning.
Formulation, Evaluation, and Optimization of Viloxazine-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles in In-Situ Gel for Nose-to-Brain Delivery in the Effective Management of Depression
Depression is a debilitating mental health disorder that necessitates innovative drug delivery strategies for effective management. This study focuses on developing and optimizing viloxazine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles incorporated into an in-situ gel for nose-to-brain delivery to enhance therapeutic outcomes. VXCN-NPs were prepared using the ionic gelation method and optimized using a Box-Behnken statistical design. The optimized formulation demonstrated a mean particle size of 160 nm, entrapment efficiency of 70.1%, and a PDI of 0.4, ensuring uniformity and stability. The in-situ gel system exhibited optimal pH (5.58), viscosity (65.4 cps), and gelation temperature (31.4 °C), making it suitable for nasal administration. In-vitro release and ex-vivo permeation studies revealed sustained drug release and enhanced permeation through nasal mucosa, achieving an 82% cumulative drug permeation over 8 hours. Stability studies confirmed the formulation's robustness under standard storage conditions for three months. This novel VXCN-NPs in-situ gel system effectively bypasses the blood-brain barrier, enhancing drug bioavailability and minimizing systemic side effects, thereby presenting a promising platform for nose-to-brain delivery in the treatment of depression and other central nervous system disorders.
Exploring Zoonotic Diseases: Bridging the Gap Between Animals and Human Health
Most humans are in contact with animals in a way or another. A zoonotic disease is a disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from vertebrate animals to humans or from humans to vertebrate animals. Zoonotic diseases are infections, which are transmitted through zoonotic pathogens from animals to human beings. Almost more than 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic in origin. A wide variety of pathogens like Bacteria, fungi. Viruses, protozoa, parasites are included. Some of the factors like urbanization, change in climate, animal migrations, trade travel, vector biology etc are greatly influenced. We also highlight about the infections like Corona virus (COVID-19) and Nipah virus, in this Bats are the main reservoir for this virus, which can cause disease in humans and animals. Currently there is no effective of therapeutics, supportive care and prevention are the mainstays of management. As we review about the etiology of major zoonotic diseases and their impact on human health. The implementation of One Health measures is highly recommended for the effective prevention and control of possible zoonosis.
Recent Advances In Breast Cancer And Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Prediction And Diagnosis
Breast cancer is still the most common cancer in women around the world, but research in biology, screening, and treatment is moving quickly. In the last five years, progress in molecular biology (like genomic profiling and the development of targeted therapies) and detection technologies (like 3D imaging) have made care more personalized and improved outcomes. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI), which includes traditional machine learning, deep learning, and radiomics, has become a powerful tool for predicting and diagnosing breast cancer. AI can find patterns in large imaging and molecular datasets that are too small for people to see. AI-driven algorithms have been shown to work as well as or better than human experts in breast imaging techniques like mammography, ultrasound, MRI, digital breast tomosynthesis, and thermography, as well as in digital pathology (1,2). We look at these changes from both a global and an Indian point of view: India has a lot of problems because the disease starts at a young age. This has led to new screening methods like AI-enabled thermography. We also talk about issues with data quality, how to make it fit into clinical workflow, ethics and regulations, and we give an overview of where we want to go in the future with clinical deployment. This review is set up to talk about (1) new developments in breast cancer biology and treatment, (2) traditional and AI-enabled detection and screening, (3) how AI is used in certain imaging and pathology methods, (4) how AI compares to traditional methods, (5) problems and future directions, with a focus on global statistics and the Indian experience
Elevated Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Biomarker for Stroke: A Review
Stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with inflammation playing a crucial role in its pathophysiology and prognosis. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a readily available and cost-effective biomarker, has emerged as a potential predictor of short-term mortality in stroke patients. This review explores the role of NLR in stroke, its underlying mechanisms, its prognostic significance, and its potential application in clinical practice. Moreover, NLR has been shown to predict functional impairment at 90 days post-stroke. This biomarker’s simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and easy accessibility make it an attractive tool for early risk stratification in stroke patients. However, variability in NLR cutoff values and the influence of confounding factors highlight the need for further research. Standardized NLR thresholds and prospective studies are essential to establish its utility in clinical decision-making. This review also explores the potential for therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating NLR as a means to improve stroke outcomes
A Review On Coriandrum Sativum L.: It's Ethno Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Mechanism, Traditional Uses And Cardiovascular Effects
Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) is an aromatic herb widely used in culinary traditions and folk medicine in many cultures. The flavor has been valued not only by itself, but also for its many therapeutic properties. The review of Coriandrum sativum emphasizes the ethnopharmacological significance, phytochemical constituents and cardiovascular effects of the plant. Coriander has a traditional history of use for a number of health conditions: digestive problems like indigestion and flatulence, inflammatory disorders, microbial infections, anxiety and even for hypertension and palpitations. Phytochemical analyses show that coriander is rich in essential oils (especially linalool), flavonoids, phenolic acids, fatty acids and phytosterols. Its potent antioxidant, anti inflammatory, antimicrobial and lipid lowering properties are due to these constituents. Also very significant cardiovascular properties of coriander can be noted: experimental studies have shown its effect on lowering of the blood pressure, improvement of the lipid profile and protection against oxidative stress provoked cardiac damage. Mechanism known of coriander is vasodilator via calcium channel blockade and nitric oxide dependent pathways; inhibition of critical enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis; modulation of cytokine inflammation. Although these results are encouraging, questions exist regarding how standard coriander extracts may be improved, that coriander phytochemical profiles can be made consistent and broadly applicable clinical trials to assess efficacy and safety in humans can be performed. Moreover, some of the active constituents are poorly available thereby requiring formulation of more sophisticated delivery systems to maximize therapeutic outcomes. There is a lot of room for further phytochemical characterization and rigorous clinical evaluations of Coriandrum sativum and various ways of putting it into formulation to highlight the potential of this natural agent as part of the armamentarium for cardiovascular disease and general health management. In addition, coriander has gained support in its acceptance as functional food ingredient as well as nutraceutical which can be used for preventive healthcare applications. Finally it is concluded that Coriandrum sativum L. can be considered as a significant medicinal plant traditionally used in many ways and having pharmacological activities in cardiovascular health based on the scientific evidences.
Therapeutic Potential Of Curcuma Longa In Acute Kidney Injury: Mechanisms And Clinical Prospects
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) refers to a rapid (onset within 48 h) deteriorated renal function typically induced by ischemia reperfusion injury, nephrotoxicity or sepsis. Currently, there is only very limited pharmacological treatment with direct impact on the pathophysiological mechanisms of AKI and current treatment strategies are mainly supportive. In this regard, the natural compounds with multitargeted biological activity attract ever greater interest. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and curcumin, its main bioactive compound exhibited impressive therapeutic potential in AKI management because of their powerful anti inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antioxidant and antifibrotic properties. Curcumin modulates key molecular pathways important for the progression of AKI such as inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and protecting against oxidative damage and cell death. Curcumin has been shown, in preclinical studies in a variety of models of AKI, to significantly improve renal function, reduce histological damage and improve survival. In addition, curcumin has the capability of thwarting the escalation of AKI to the chronic kidney disease (CKD) by damping the fibrotic signaling pathway of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Smad. While promising, clinical translation of curcumin is hindered by its poor oral bioavailability. To date, there have been ongoing research trying to overcome some of these limitations by look into novel delivery systems and combinational therapies. This review summarizes current knowledge of curcumin on the mechanistic basis for nephroprotective effects of curcumin, provides an assessment of experimental and clinical evidence as to its nephroprotective role and discusses foci for future studies on usage of curcumin in the management of AKI. There is great promise that curcumin, a natural and multi-targeted therapeutic candidate, can provide safe and effective treatment for many renal issues in the changing face of renal medicine.
Persistent Threat Of Typhoid Fever: Challenges In Endemic Regions And The Role Of Vaccination
Typhoid fever, caused by salmonella typhi (s.typhi) is a life-threatening disease, usually food-borne and commonly associated with international travel. the disease transmission remains endemic in many low- and middle-income countries, representing further hotspots for seeding new global outbreaks. china has historically. been affected by typhoid fever, but the respective roles of local transmission and importation remain unknown while typhoid fever has largely been eliminated in high-income regions which have developed modern water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities it remains a significant public health burden resulting in morbidity and mortality among millions of individuals in resource-constrained settings. prevention and control efforts are needed that integrate several high-impact interventions targeting facilities and infrastructure, including those addressing improvements in sanitation, access to safe water, and planned urbanization, together with parallel efforts directed at effective strategies for use of typhoid conjugate vaccines (tcv). the use of tcvs is a critical tool with the potential of having a rapid impact on typhoid fever disease burden; their introduction will also serve as an important strategy to combat evolving antimicrobial resistance to currently available typhoid fever treatments.
Erlotinib as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of its Mechanism of action and Preclinical evidence
Beta-amyloid peptide buildup and hyperphosphorylated tau protein are two hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a complex and multifaceted neurodegenerative illness. Although our understanding of the molecular pathways behind AD has advanced significantly, effective treatment approaches are still elusive. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib has demonstrated promise as a possible treatment for AD in preclinical research. This study offers a thorough analysis of the current understanding of erlotinib's mode of action in modifying EGFR signaling, as well as its impacts on tau protein phosphorylation and beta-amyloid formation. Along with its possible neuroprotective benefits, we also go over the preclinical and clinical data that support the use of erlotinib in AD. Erlotinib may be a viable treatment for AD, according to our study, and it merits more clinical research. We also point out that more research is necessary to completely understand the processes by which Erlotinib affects AD pathology and to ascertain whether it has the potential to be used as a treatment for this debilitating illness.
A Boom of Artificial Intelligence In Pharmaceutical Industry- A Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a promising and specialized field in computer science that utilizes machines and mathematical algorithms to efficiency process, analyze and predict the data. The research in AI has great potential in pharmaceutical and healthcare system including drug discovery, drug repurposing, determining pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic parameters, drug dosage form designing and disease diagnosis. Artificial intelligence has transformed the way biotechnology and pharmaceutical technology performs with the help of pharmacists (researchers and scientist) to a great extent. Artificial intelligence plays a crucial role in pharmaceutical sector as it decreases the human intervention, facilitates the R&D pharmaceutical process, equipments required for curing the disease and medical illness, pharmaceutical productivity, promote innovation, drug discovery, drug delivery formulations development, poly-pharmacology, hospital pharmacy and clinical trials. The AI technology involves deep learning models and neural networks for research in pharmaceutical sector. AI is known for its cost effective, fast and accurate result predictions with high efficiency and personalization in medicinal sector. This review focuses on the Artificial intelligence, history, application of AI and benefits and limitation in pharmaceutical and healthcare sector.
Antibiotic drug abuse, characterized by the excessive or inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals, is a growing global health crisis. This misuse occurs through overprescription (often for viral infections), patient non-adherence, self-medication, and rampant non-therapeutic use in agriculture. Drivers include patient demand, diagnostic uncertainty, economic incentives, weak regulations, and lack of public awareness. The most severe consequence is antimicrobial resistance (AMR), where bacteria evolve to withstand antibiotics, leading to untreatable "superbugs." AMR increases treatment failures, mortality rates, healthcare costs, and undermines critical medical procedures like surgeries and chemotherapy. Additionally, antibiotic abuse disrupts the microbiome, raises risks of infections like C. difficile, and pollutes the environment with resistant bacteria. Addressing this crisis demands a unified "One Health" strategy, integrating human, animal, and environmental health efforts. Key measures include enforcing antibiotic stewardship programs to promote responsible prescribing, improving public education on proper antibiotic use, and investing in rapid diagnostics to differentiate bacterial from viral infections. Stricter regulations on antibiotic access in human medicine and banning non-therapeutic agricultural use are essential.
A Systematic Review Anti Diabetic Drug And Their Management Therapies
After epilepsy and asthma, diabetes is the third most prevalent chronic condition in children. More lately, there has been a sharp rise in the general prevalence of diabetes in both adults and children. This has been partly caused by the obesity pandemic in children. It makes sense that this placed a financial strain on nations and health authorities who were coping with high rates of illness morbidity and possibly dangerous sequelae. Simultaneously, other therapeutic discoveries broadened the selection of available drugs. We speculate that an authority requests a report of anti- diabetic medication prioritizing from specialized specialists. Apart from insulin and metformin, some people might have another option for a third drug, and doctors may have more than three options available to them at any given moment many clinical settings. The new policy of the authority is to buy only three antidiabetic pharmaceutic also out of a big list of both new and old meds. In response to this request, we provided a recommendation based on the most extensive clinical research in the field as well a various qualities of these drugs.
A Market Perspective On Herbal And Commercial Toothpaste: Comparative Insights And Trends
Over the past few decades, the global toothpaste market has undergone a notable transformation driven by increasing consumer interest in natural and herbal alternatives. This review highlights the distinctions between herbal and commercial toothpaste in terms of formulation, consumer behavior, regulatory frameworks, marketing strategies, and emerging trends. Commercial toothpaste, led by brands like Colgate, Crest, and Sensodyne, commonly contains synthetic ingredients such as fluoride, triclosan, and artificial flavors to target issues like sensitivity, whitening, and cavity prevention. In contrast, herbal toothpaste, promoted by brands like Himalaya, Dabur, Patanjali, and Tom’s of Maine, incorporates natural ingredients such as neem, clove, babool, and aloe vera, offering benefits like reduced side effects, natural safety, and environmental sustainability. The rising demand for herbal products is largely driven by health-conscious and environmentally aware consumers, especially younger demographics. This shift is also supported by growing concerns about synthetic chemical exposure and the revival of traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda. Despite these trends, commercial toothpaste maintains market dominance due to strong brand recognition, clinical validation, and broad availability. The review also addresses challenges faced by herbal products, such as lack of standardization and scientific backing. Nonetheless, hybrid formulations combining natural and scientifically proven ingredients present promising future opportunities in the evolving oral care market.Bottom of Form
A Critical Review Of The Adverse Effects Of Commonly Prescribed Painkillers
Painkillers play a crucial role in managing acute and chronic pain, significantly improving patients' quality of life. However, commonly used analgesics such as NSAIDs, opioids, and acetaminophen are associated with serious side effects that can outweigh their therapeutic benefits. This review critically examines the safety profiles, mechanisms of toxicity, and clinical implications of these drugs. NSAIDs, though effective for pain and inflammation, inhibit COX-1 enzymes and are linked to gastrointestinal issues like ulcers and bleeding, along with increased risks of cardiovascular events and kidney damage. Opioids, vital for severe pain relief, carry significant risks including respiratory depression, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and endocrine disruption issues that have contributed to the ongoing opioid crisis. Acetaminophen, often viewed as a safer option, poses a risk of acute liver failure when taken in high doses due to the buildup of toxic metabolites. The review also discusses adjuvant analgesics used for neuropathic pain, which can further complicate treatment through side effects and polypharmacy challenges. Given these risks, it is essential to perform individualized risk-benefit assessments, prescribe the lowest effective doses, and ensure patient education and regular monitoring. Future strategies should focus on developing safer analgesics and updating clinical guidelines to enhance pain management and reduce complications.
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, And Public Awareness Of Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a growing burden projected in both developed and developing countries. This comprehensive review explores the epidemiology of cancer, examining global incidence, prevalence, mortality trends, and disparities across regions, age groups, and socioeconomic strata. Key risk factors contributing to cancer development including genetic predisposition, lifestyle behaviors (such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, poor diet, and physical inactivity), environmental exposures, and infections are analyzed in depth. Special attention is given to modifiable risk factors and the role of early detection and prevention in reducing cancer-related deaths. Furthermore, the review assesses public awareness and understanding of cancer, identifying gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices that hinder effective prevention and timely diagnosis. It highlights the importance of educational campaigns, screening programs, and policy interventions in promoting awareness and behavioral change. By synthesizing current evidence, the review underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to cancer control that integrates epidemiological data, risk factor mitigation, and enhanced public engagement to reduce the global cancer burden.
Comprehensive Review of Psoriasis: Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Future Directions
Inflammation of the skin, often known as psoriasis, is a chronic skin condition that is brought on by the immune system. There are various factors that can contribute to its development, including genetics, the immune system, and the environment. Immunological dysregulation is primarily caused by the Th17 axis; however, genetics and the environment can also play a role in the development of this condition. Because the disease manifests itself in a variety of ways in various persons, it is essential to make use of standardised tools such as the PASI and the DLQI to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and determine the severity of the condition. There are a number of different methods that can be utilised to treat the illness. Some of these methods include topical therapies, phototherapy, systemic drugs, and biologics that target particular immune pathways. There are a number of severe health concerns that are associated with psoriasis, such as psoriatic arthritis and heart disease, both of which make going through life less enjoyable. As biomarkers and personalised medicine continue to advance, it is possible that treatments will become more therapeutically effective and less risky for each individual patient. It is vital to continue searching for novel drugs and molecular processes to improve the results for patients and to satisfy therapeutic needs that have not yet been satisfied.
A Short Review On Nicotine Replacement Therapy
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) remains the most widely accessible and evidence-based pharmacological intervention for smoking cessation. This review summarizes the mechanisms, formulations, efficacy, and safety profiles of FDA-approved NRT products, including transdermal patches, gum, lozenges, inhalers, and nasal sprays. While all NRTs alleviate withdrawal symptoms by delivering nicotine without tobacco toxins, their pharmacokinetic differences influence user adherence and success rates. Fast-acting forms (gum, spray) provide rapid craving relief but require behavioral compliance, whereas patches offer steady dosing with lower misuse potential. Emerging approaches like nicotine vaccines and monoclonal antibodies show theoretical promise but lack clinical efficacy in trials. Despite limitations including variable individual response and compensatory smoking behaviors NRT doubles quit rates when combined with behavioral support. The review highlights the importance of personalized NRT selection based on dependence severity, side effect profiles, and patient preferences, while underscoring the need for novel agents to address treatment-resistant addiction.