A Comprehensive Review Of Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis) Etiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, And Management

Abstract

Athlete’s Foot, or Tinea Pedis, is the most prevalent superficial fungal infection of the skin, mainly caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and Epidermophyton floccosum. This review covers its causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and future therapeutic strategies. The infection commonly affects the spaces between toes, soles, and sides of the foot, flourishing in moist environments such as public showers and locker rooms. Risk factors include excessive sweating, occlusive footwear, poor foot hygiene, and prolonged moisture exposure. High-risk groups include athletes, military personnel, diabetics, and immune-compromised individuals, who are more prone to complications like secondary bacterial infections and recurrence. Tinea Pedis appears in various forms interdigital, moccasin-type, and vesiculobullous each with distinct symptoms like itching, redness, scaling, and occasionally blisters. Diagnosis is mainly clinical but supported by KOH microscopy, fungal culture, and PCR testing. Mild cases are treated with topical antifungals such as azoles or allylamines, while more severe infections may require systemic drugs like terbinafine or itraconazole. Challenges include drug resistance and patient nonadherence. Preventive education and proper foot care are vital. Future directions include novel antifungal agents, nanotechnology-based delivery, faster diagnostics, and potential vaccines. A multidisciplinary and global approach is crucial to reducing the impact of Tinea Pedis.