A Review on Diabetes Mellitus: Type1 & Type2

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is broadly classified into Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T1DM is an autoimmune condition leading to the destruction of pancreatic β-cells and subsequent insulin deficiency, typically manifesting in childhood or adolescence. In contrast, T2DM, the more prevalent form, is primarily associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, commonly linked to genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. This review provides a comparative overview of T1DM and T2DM, including their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and management strategies. It also explores recent advances in treatment and highlights the importance of lifestyle modifications, early detection, and patient education in controlling disease progression and preventing complications. Understanding the distinctions and overlaps between T1DM and T2DM is essential for effective diagnosis, treatment, and research into potential cures.