Seizure Control: Exploring new therapies and technologies

Abstract

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, marked by sudden episodes of seizures, disturbances, and abnormal electrical activity in the brain which results from the excessive release /discharge of cortical neurons. Even though there is a wide availability of anti-seizure/anti-epileptic or anticonvulsants therapy, 30% of patients with epilepsy experience retain of seizures and some with comorbidities, risk of premature death. This review will cover the points regarding new therapies (pharmacological and non pharmacological) and technologies for seizure control.

This review explores emerging pharmacological therapies such as selective ion channel modulators, neurosteroids, anti-inflammatory agents, and genetic and epigenetic-targeted treatments that offer improved efficacy and fewer adverse effects. Additionally, non-pharmacological interventions including vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have shown promise in patients unresponsive to traditional medications. Dietary therapies such as the ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index therapy have also demonstrated success in specific epilepsy syndromes. Recent advances in neurotechnology and computational tools, particularly machine learning algorithms, wearable seizure detection devices, and predictive brain mapping, have further enhanced our understanding of seizure patterns and patient-specific triggers. These innovations hold potential for real-time seizure prediction and individualized treatment planning.