A Critical Review Of The Adverse Effects Of Commonly Prescribed Painkillers

Abstract

Painkillers play a crucial role in managing acute and chronic pain, significantly improving patients' quality of life. However, commonly used analgesics such as NSAIDs, opioids, and acetaminophen are associated with serious side effects that can outweigh their therapeutic benefits. This review critically examines the safety profiles, mechanisms of toxicity, and clinical implications of these drugs. NSAIDs, though effective for pain and inflammation, inhibit COX-1 enzymes and are linked to gastrointestinal issues like ulcers and bleeding, along with increased risks of cardiovascular events and kidney damage. Opioids, vital for severe pain relief, carry significant risks including respiratory depression, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and endocrine disruption issues that have contributed to the ongoing opioid crisis. Acetaminophen, often viewed as a safer option, poses a risk of acute liver failure when taken in high doses due to the buildup of toxic metabolites. The review also discusses adjuvant analgesics used for neuropathic pain, which can further complicate treatment through side effects and polypharmacy challenges. Given these risks, it is essential to perform individualized risk-benefit assessments, prescribe the lowest effective doses, and ensure patient education and regular monitoring. Future strategies should focus on developing safer analgesics and updating clinical guidelines to enhance pain management and reduce complications.