Neonatal Jaundice (Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia): Clinical Aspects and Recent Advancements in Treatment

Abstract

Neonatal jaundice (neonatal hyperbilirubinemia) is one of the most common clinical conditions encountered in newborn care, affecting approximately 60% of term neonates and up to 80% of preterm neonates during the first week of life. While physiological jaundice is typically benign and self-limiting, pathological hyperbilirubinemia carries a significant risk of bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND), including the devastating complication of kernicterus. This review article comprehensively covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical classification, diagnostic criteria, and contemporary management strategies for neonatal jaundice. We discuss recent advancements in phototherapy technology, pharmacological interventions, transcutaneous bilirubin monitoring, and emerging molecular therapies. Four illustrative clinical cases are presented to highlight key diagnostic and management challenges. The article concludes with a synthesis of current evidence and future directions in the management of this prevalent neonatal condition.